Pre-Columbian Native Societies
Diverse groups with complex societies, economies, and cultures.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.
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Pre-Columbian Native Societies
Diverse groups with complex societies, economies, and cultures.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.
Spanish Conquest and Colonization
Violent conquest led to colonies and decimation of Native populations.
French and Dutch colonization
Focused on fur trade and formed cooperative relationships with Natives.
Significance of early English settlement attempts
Failed initially but paved the way for future successful colonies.
First permanent English settlement
Jamestown (1607), succeeded due to tobacco.
Colonial economies development
South focused on cash crops; North on agriculture and trade.
African slavery start in English America
Jamestown, 1619.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom; emphasized religion and community.
King Philip's War
Conflict between Native Americans and settlers, weakening Native resistance.
French and Indian War
War between Britain and France; led to British dominance but colonial taxation.
Stamp Act
Taxed paper goods, sparking 'no taxation without representation.'
Boston Massacre
British soldiers killed 5 colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.
Declaration of Independence
Document asserting the colonies' independence from Britain.
Articles of Confederation
First U.S. government—weak central authority.
U.S. Constitution
Replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1787.
Bill of Rights
First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.
Louisiana Purchase
Doubled U.S. size by buying land from France in 1803.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Exploration of the Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806.
War of 1812
Conflict with Britain over trade and impressment; boosted national pride.
Monroe Doctrine
Declared the Americas off-limits to European colonization in 1823.
Indian Removal Act
Forced relocation of Native tribes; led to the Trail of Tears.
Second Great Awakening
Religious revival that spurred social reforms.
Abolitionist Movement leaders
Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, others.
Seneca Falls Convention
First major women's rights meeting, demanding equality in 1848.
Annexation of Texas
Texas joined the U.S. in 1845, leading to tensions with Mexico.
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
U.S. gained the Southwest through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
Proposed banning slavery in new territories (failed).
Compromise of 1850
Tried to settle slavery disputes; included the Fugitive Slave Act.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Allowed popular sovereignty on slavery, leading to 'Bleeding Kansas.'
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
African Americans were not citizens; Congress couldn't ban slavery.
Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
Connected East and West; displaced Native Americans.
Rise of Big Business
Monopolies led by figures like Rockefeller and Carnegie.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Labor strike that occurred during this period.
Homestead Strike (1892)
Labor strike that occurred during this period.
Pullman Strike (1894)
Labor strike that occurred during this period.
Dawes Act (1887)
Tried to assimilate Natives by breaking up tribal lands.
Populist Movement (1890s)
Farmers' movement demanding reforms like free silver.
Spanish-American War (1898)
U.S. gained territories, starting American imperialism.
Progressive Era (1900-1920)
Reforms targeting industrial problems, trust-busting, and food safety.
19th Amendment
Passed in 1920—gave women the right to vote.
First Red Scare (1919-1920)
Fear of communism after the Russian Revolution.
Great Depression
Caused by stock market crash (1929) leading to mass unemployment.
New Deal (1933-1939)
FDR's programs for relief, recovery, and reform.
WWII end
Ended with atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).
Cold War
Ideological battle between U.S. and USSR (1945-1991).
Truman Doctrine
U.S. policy to contain communism.
Korean War (1950-1953)
U.S. fought to stop communist North Korea; ended in stalemate.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Supreme Court decision ending school segregation.
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Banned segregation in public places.
Voting Rights Act (1965)
Protected African Americans' right to vote.
Vietnam War (1964-1973)
U.S. tried (and failed) to stop communism in Vietnam.
Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)
Nixon resigned after a major political scandal.
Ronald Reagan's presidency (1980)
Key features included rise of conservatism, tax cuts, strong military.
Cold War end
Ended in 1991—collapse of the USSR.
Technological advancements
Changed society with rise of computers, internet, smartphones.
9/11 attacks (2001)
Terrorist attacks leading to the War on Terror.
Great Recession (2007-2009)
Caused by housing market collapse and financial crisis.
First Black president
Barack Obama (elected 2008).