Key Events in American History from Pre-Columbian to 2008 (APUSH Study Guide)

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Pre-Columbian Native Societies

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Diverse groups with complex societies, economies, and cultures.

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Columbian Exchange

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The transfer of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

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59 Terms

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Pre-Columbian Native Societies

Diverse groups with complex societies, economies, and cultures.

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Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

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Spanish Conquest and Colonization

Violent conquest led to colonies and decimation of Native populations.

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French and Dutch colonization

Focused on fur trade and formed cooperative relationships with Natives.

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Significance of early English settlement attempts

Failed initially but paved the way for future successful colonies.

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First permanent English settlement

Jamestown (1607), succeeded due to tobacco.

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Colonial economies development

South focused on cash crops; North on agriculture and trade.

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African slavery start in English America

Jamestown, 1619.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom; emphasized religion and community.

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King Philip's War

Conflict between Native Americans and settlers, weakening Native resistance.

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French and Indian War

War between Britain and France; led to British dominance but colonial taxation.

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Stamp Act

Taxed paper goods, sparking 'no taxation without representation.'

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Boston Massacre

British soldiers killed 5 colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.

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Declaration of Independence

Document asserting the colonies' independence from Britain.

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Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government—weak central authority.

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U.S. Constitution

Replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1787.

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Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual liberties.

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Louisiana Purchase

Doubled U.S. size by buying land from France in 1803.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

Exploration of the Louisiana Territory from 1804 to 1806.

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War of 1812

Conflict with Britain over trade and impressment; boosted national pride.

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Monroe Doctrine

Declared the Americas off-limits to European colonization in 1823.

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Indian Removal Act

Forced relocation of Native tribes; led to the Trail of Tears.

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Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that spurred social reforms.

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Abolitionist Movement leaders

Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, others.

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Seneca Falls Convention

First major women's rights meeting, demanding equality in 1848.

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Annexation of Texas

Texas joined the U.S. in 1845, leading to tensions with Mexico.

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Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

U.S. gained the Southwest through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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Wilmot Proviso (1846)

Proposed banning slavery in new territories (failed).

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Compromise of 1850

Tried to settle slavery disputes; included the Fugitive Slave Act.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Allowed popular sovereignty on slavery, leading to 'Bleeding Kansas.'

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Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

African Americans were not citizens; Congress couldn't ban slavery.

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Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

Connected East and West; displaced Native Americans.

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Rise of Big Business

Monopolies led by figures like Rockefeller and Carnegie.

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Haymarket Riot (1886)

Labor strike that occurred during this period.

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Homestead Strike (1892)

Labor strike that occurred during this period.

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Pullman Strike (1894)

Labor strike that occurred during this period.

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Dawes Act (1887)

Tried to assimilate Natives by breaking up tribal lands.

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Populist Movement (1890s)

Farmers' movement demanding reforms like free silver.

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Spanish-American War (1898)

U.S. gained territories, starting American imperialism.

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Progressive Era (1900-1920)

Reforms targeting industrial problems, trust-busting, and food safety.

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19th Amendment

Passed in 1920—gave women the right to vote.

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First Red Scare (1919-1920)

Fear of communism after the Russian Revolution.

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Great Depression

Caused by stock market crash (1929) leading to mass unemployment.

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New Deal (1933-1939)

FDR's programs for relief, recovery, and reform.

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WWII end

Ended with atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).

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Cold War

Ideological battle between U.S. and USSR (1945-1991).

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Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to contain communism.

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Korean War (1950-1953)

U.S. fought to stop communist North Korea; ended in stalemate.

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision ending school segregation.

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Civil Rights Act (1964)

Banned segregation in public places.

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Voting Rights Act (1965)

Protected African Americans' right to vote.

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Vietnam War (1964-1973)

U.S. tried (and failed) to stop communism in Vietnam.

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Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

Nixon resigned after a major political scandal.

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Ronald Reagan's presidency (1980)

Key features included rise of conservatism, tax cuts, strong military.

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Cold War end

Ended in 1991—collapse of the USSR.

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Technological advancements

Changed society with rise of computers, internet, smartphones.

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9/11 attacks (2001)

Terrorist attacks leading to the War on Terror.

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Great Recession (2007-2009)

Caused by housing market collapse and financial crisis.

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First Black president

Barack Obama (elected 2008).