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State
A government that controls a specific area and has the power to make and enforce laws for the people living there.
Confucianism/Neo-Confucian
A belief system based on Confucius' teachings that focuses on being moral, keeping society peaceful, and valuing family and education.
Imperial bureaucracy
A ranked system of government workers who help run the empire by enforcing policies and managing affairs.
Civil Service Exam
A test in imperial China that chose government officials based on skill, mainly testing knowledge of Confucian ideas.
Women in Song Dynasty
In traditional Chinese society, women had limited rights and were mainly expected to focus on family duties and obey male authority.
China Influence
For Example: Korea adopted a civil service exam and Buddahism.
Buddhism
A major religion that started in India, based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), which focuses on reaching enlightenment through meditation and living a moral life.
Eightfold Path
A key idea in Buddhism that describes the practices needed to reach enlightenment, including things like right thinking, speaking, acting, working, and staying focused.
Theravada Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism focused on achieving enlightenment through meditation and following the Buddha's original teachings, mainly practiced in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
Mahayana Buddhism
A major branch of Buddhism that focuses on bodhisattvas and believes that everyone has the potential to reach enlightenment. It includes various practices and is common in China, Japan, and Korea.
Goods sold across Eurasia
Porcelain and Silk
Champa Rice
A fast-maturing rice variety cultivated in Southeast Asia, known for its ability to produce two harvests in a single growing season, enhancing agricultural productivity.
Similarities between Christianity, Judaism, Islam
These three religions were practiced in Dar al-Islam, and the Prophet Muhammad claimed to be the final prophet in a line of messengers from God, which includes figures from Jewish and Christian scriptures. They are all monotheistic.
Abbasid Caliphate
By 1200, the Abbasid caliphate had started to weaken and lose its influence in the Muslim world. In 1258, the Mongols conquered their capital, Baghdad, marking the end of the caliphate.
Describe the new Islamic political entities that replaced the declining Abbasid caliphate.
They were dominated by ethnic Turks, not Arabs.
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuks were Turks from Central Asia who the Abbasids tried to use to prop up their failing state. However, they created their own empire instead and became a dominant force in the region.
Islamic Empire Practices
Sharia law, a legal code based on the Quran
Intellectual innovations of Dar al-Islam
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi invented trigonometry. Muslim scholars in places like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad preserved and translated works of Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle into Arabic, adding their own commentary. These texts later made their way to Europe, and without their preservation in Dar al-Islam, they might have been lost to history.
Expansion of the Islamic World
Empires like the Seljuks, Mamluks, and the Delhi Sultanate expanded through military conquest. Islam also spread through Muslim merchants, such as those in the Mali Empire in West Africa. Additionally, missionaries like the Sufis helped spread Islam by allowing some local beliefs to be incorporated into the faith.
Religion in South Asia
Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism
By around 1200, Buddhists in South Asia had mostly become part of monastic communities, while most people in the region were Hindu.
Bhakti Hinduism
A new movement that began in southern India, emphasized devotion to a single Hindu god and challenged social and gender hierarchies. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate made Islam the religion of the elite.
Religion in Southeast Asia
Buddhism and Islam. Islam was more widely practiced eventually but in states like Thailand and Cambodia Buddhism was established.
Rajput kingdoms
Rival warring Hindu Kingdoms who held the Delhi Sultanate back from conquering more land.
Vijayanagara Empire
A Hindu kingdom formed by brothers who had previously converted to Islam to serve the Delhi Sultanate. Their kingdom rivaled the Delhi Sultanate.
Majapahit Kingdom
On Java was a Buddhist Kingdom who maintained influence by controlling sea routes for trade, but declined when China supported its rival the Sultanate of Malacca.
Khmer Empire
Began as a Hindu Empire, but eventually leadership adopted Buddhism. Art and architecture (like Angkor Wat) reflect both faiths.
Aztec Civilization.
Founded in Mesoamerica in 1345 by the Mexica. In 1428 they began a program of expansion and created a huge empire. They were decentralized in how they ruled.
Tenochtitlan
Capital of Aztecs.
Aztec Conquered People Forced
Conquered people were forced to pay tribute in goods or labor. Conquered people were also enslaved and sometimes sacrificed in religious rituals.
Inca Empire
The Inca had an elaborate bureaucracy throughout the Andean region to control conquered territories. They were highly centralized in how they ruled.
Mit’a system
A source of labor for state projects like farms, mining, military service, and construction projects.
Mississippian Culture
Located in North America around the Mississippi River Valley, they focused on agriculture. Larger towns controlled smaller ones around them. They were known as mound builders, one of the largest was built by the Cahokia people.
Swahili Civilization
Swahili city-states grew powerful due to Indian Ocean Trade. They were politically independent but very influenced by merchants from Dar alIslam. The language Swahili is a combination of Bantu and Arab
Empires of West Africa
These were powerful and highly centralized. They also grew due to trade with Dar al-Islam. The elites of society converted to Islam, but most subjects held onto indigenous beliefs.
Hausa Kingdom
They were decentralized city-states, more like the Swahili civilization. They shared a common culture and grew powerful through trade because they acted as brokers for trans-Saharan trade.
Great Zimbabwe
Like other African states, it became wealthy due to trade, farming and cattle herding. Its main source of wealth was the gold trade. It was different in that the rulers and people never adopted Islam but maintained their indigenous shamanistic faith.
Ethiopia
It grew due to trade with the Mediterranean and Arabian peninsula. They had a monarch and strict hierarchy like other states. The big difference is that they were Christians.
Christianity in EU
Christianity dominated Europe, with the Byzantine Empire in the East practicing Orthodox Christianity, which it shared with Kievan Rus by 988.
Roman Catholic Church
In the West, the Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful entity. After the fall of Rome, it helped unify small, decentralized states culturally.
Muslim Presence in Iberia
Muslims primarily lived in the Iberian Peninsula, which they had conquered in the 8th century.
Jewish Persecution in Europe
Jews were a minority group in Europe, facing waves of anti-Semitism (persecution) and being pushed to the outskirts of European life.
Feudalism
The political system of decentralized Europe where powerful lords and kings gained allegiance from lesser lords, who became their vassals.
Vassals
Lesser lords who received land from powerful lords or kings in exchange for military service.
Manorialism
The economic system of decentralized Europe where peasants were bound to the land and worked in exchange for a lord's protection.
