ENV101 - Coastal Challenges

Coastal _____ = band of ___ land and adjacent open spaces with _____ and _______ processes ______ affect each other

Coastal zone = band of dry land and adjacent open spaces with oceanic and terrestrial processes directly affect each other

___ = due to ocean ______ (_______ expansion) and ______ in ______/___ sheet mass = coastal ______ will increase = global ________

SLR = due to ocean warming (thermal expansion) and reduction in glacier/ice sheet mass = coastal flooding will increase = global variability

Variability = ______ and _______ scales associated with ________ and morphodynamical processes = open and enclosed coasts

Variability = spatial and temporal scales associated with hydrodynamic and morphodynamical processes = open and enclosed coasts

___-lying ______= threatens ________, _______ ______, ____ of biodiversity, _________ islands

Low-lying islands = threatens livelihoods, saltwater intrusion, loss of biodiversity, subsiding islands

Ocean _______ = measure of the amount of ____ _______in ocean = ____ economic/cultural impacts = ______ levels, _______

Ocean warming = measure of the amount of heat energy in ocean = major economic/cultural impacts = trophic levels, fisheries

Coastal _______ = flooding of normally ___, ___-lying coastal land due to _______ ____ water levels = drivers = t____, w___, s____ ______, ___

Coastal flooding = flooding of normally dry, low-lying coastal land due to extreme high water levels = drivers = tides, waves, storm surges, SLR

Coastal ______ drivers = ____ = predictable, _____ ______ = waves = _______ waves transfer _______ to water _____, wave _____= storm surge = ___ up on water reaching further _____= SLR = _______ baseline, __________ flooding during ____ tides

Coastal Flooding drivers = tides = predictable, elevate baseline = waves = breaking waves transfer momentum to water column, wave setup = storm surge = pile up on water reaching further inland = SLR = elevates baseline, exacerbates flooding during storm tides

Ocean _______ = _______ ocean __ levels due to oceanic uptake of atmospheric ___ = impacts on ________ organisms due to more _ ions than _______ions

Ocean acidification = decreasing ocean pH levels due to oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 = impacts on calcifying organisms due to more H ion than carbonate ions

Coral _____= _______ ability to produce _____ ________= _____ in coral growth rate, coral ______, impact _______ production/______= loss of _________

Coral Reefs = reduced ability to produce calcium carbonate = decline in coral growth rate, coral bleaching, impact sediment production/buffers = loss of biodiversity

Coastal ______ = shoreline _____, either _________ or permanently, due to the ______ of _______ and bedrock = _____ ___ away ______, dunes ______

Coastal Erosion = shoreline retreats, either temporarily or permanently, due to the removal of sediments and bedrock = waves strip away sediment, dunes migrate

________ Coast = 19__-present erosion ,_000km = river ____ _______ natural replenishing ______, ___ and ___ industry = ________ intrusions and land ___________ = loss of ______ and ______ islands

Louisiana Coast = 1930-present erosion 5,000km = river dams prevent natural replenishing sediment, oil and gas industry = saltwater intrusions and land subsidence = loss of wetlands and barrier islands

Netherlands _____ nourishment = _____ engine, mega-nourishment = __._ million m cubed = r______, r_____, a____, ____ effective

Netherlands beach nourishment = sand engine, mega-nourishment = 21.5 million m cubed = restores, reduces, adapts, cost effective

Predictions = estimates for _______ conditions, ______ probabilistic = projections = estimates under _______ of future ______ activities, _________

Predictions = estimates for future conditions, reliable probabilistic = projections = estimates under assumptions of future human activities, uncertainty

Thames = ________ land, ______ _____ plains, rapid ________, low-lying = coastal ______ exposure

Thames = reclaimed land, historic flood plains, rapid subsidence, low-lying = coastal flooding exposure

R___ = h_____ X v________ X e_______

Risk = hazard X vulnerability X exposure

H______ = _______ event, describe _____ could happen, i______ f______ d_______

Hazard = damaging event, describe what could happen, intensity frequency duration

V___________ = ____ is at risk, presence of _____ in areas impacted by ______, without _____, no matter the _______ there us no ____

Vulnerability = what is at risk, presence of assets in areas impacted by hazards, without exposure, no matter the hazard there us no risk

E______ = how _______ exposed elements are to _____ included by _____, ____ vulnerability = greater potential ______

Exposure = how susceptible exposed elements are to damage influenced by factors, high vulnerability = greater potential impact

Risk ________ = level of ___ willing to ______

Risk tolerance = level of risk willing to accept

Alteration = ______-economic and __________ relations impacts _______ to respond/adapt to _____= _________

Alteration = socio-economic and geopolitical relations impacts capacity to respond/adapt to change = vulnerability

Aotearoa and ____= __% live within _km of the coast, ___,000 _________ at risk of _m of sea rise, __% of major _______centres are coastal

Aotearoa and risk = 65% live within 5km of the coast, 125,000 buildings at risk of 1m of sea rise, 75% of major population centres are coastal

I__ __ Jean Charles = __% of land lost since ____ = home to multiple native American tribes = ____, ________ inland, historic _____ ________= loss of ________ lands and ______ _______

Isles de Jean Charles = 99% of land lost since 1950s = home to multiple native American tribes = 2016, relocate inland, historic climate migration = loss of ancestral lands and cultural identity

Approaches are ____ ______ dependent = ____ = target _______ aspects of risk within _______ frames

Approaches are local context dependent = combo = target different aspects of risk within different frames

__ nothing = not effective everywhere, can lead to ________ ______

Do nothing = not effective everywhere, can lead to unmanaged retreat

P______ = __________ solutions, _______ to changes

Protect = engineered solutions, adapting to changes

A__________ = _______ infrastructure/habitation, despite ____= raising ____levels, salt ______ ____= ___ always effective for ________ hazards

Accommodate = maintain infrastructure/habitation, despite risk = raising floor levels, salt tolerant crops = not always effective for erosive hazards

R______ = planned, ______ _______ of assets and structures ______ from shorelines to ______ ____and _______ = lotsa _____, ___________, frameworks not well ______= re-ignite _____ _________

Retreat = planned, strategic removal of assets and structures away from shorelines to reduce risk and exposure = lotsa time, controversial, frameworks not well understood = re-ignite cultural injustices

R_____, Isles de Jean Charles = plans for whole _______ relocation, ‘new isles’ land in ____, residents move, only four households remain with __ ____ protection

Retreat, Isles de Jean Charles = plans for whole community relocation, ‘new isles’ land in 2019, residents move, only four households remain with no gov protection

Variable impacts of different approaches = _________ to establish/maintain, social cost = ________ , justice = _________ reinforced = enviro costs = ______ disrupt ________

Variable impacts of different approaches = expensive to establish/maintain, social cost = displacement, justice = inequalities reinforced = enviro costs = dredging disrupt ecosystem

__________ Beach, _____ = coastal ______/_______risk = beachfront, ___ club, _________ use = residential ______ houses = ______ in _____ prone area = biodiverse ______/______= sea level _____ _._m by _____ = ______ caused by _________ at port limiting _______ sediment ______

Westshore Beach, Napier = coastal erosion/flooding risk = beachfront, surf club, recreational use = residential million houses = airport in flood prone area = biodiverse wetlands/estuary = sea level rise 0.5m by 2050 = erosion caused by breakwater at port limiting longshore sediment transfer

sea ____, rock _________ = _____ waves, increase _______ during ______ = prevent ______ _______of shorelines = stop beach ________ = _______ beach access/sea view, ________ property values

sea walls, rock revetments = refract waves, increase erosion during storms = prevent landward retreat of shorelines = stop beach oscillation = restrict beach access/sea view, decrease property values

G_____ = shore __________ structures = ___ and ______ sediment moves __________ drift currents = often require _____________ = can ______ erosion or ________ in some areas

Groynes = shore perpendicular structures = trap and retain sediment moves longshore drift currents = often require renourishment = can reduce erosion or increase in some areas

Beach ___________ = placing ________ to _____ beach/______ ____ = ______ life/temporal __________ = renourish _______ = vulnerable to _____

Beach nourishment = placing sediment to create beach/increase width = limited life/temporal effectiveness = renourish regularly = vulnerable to storms

Dune _______/________ = ______ existing ____/dunes, _______ ________= naturally ______ wave ______, natural _____

Dune restoration/reprofiling = reshaping existing beach/dunes, planting vegetation = naturally dissipates wave energy, natural buffer

Offshore ____/_________ = _________ structure offshore e.g artificial ___, ____= create ___ currents and ____ beach _____

Offshore bars/breakwaters = depositional structure offshore e.g artificial reef, rocks = create rip currents and alter beach shape

______ restoration = natural _____ enhanced, _______/_____ ___________ benefits, engages local ___________

Wetland restoration = natural buffer enhanced, ecological/carbon sequestration benefits, engages local communities