Physical Education - Chronic Adaptations

Chronic adaptations

Refers to the long-term physiological changes that occur in response to consistent exercise training (aerobic, anaerobic and/or resistance) over extended periods

Minimum period for aerobic training

6 weeks (evident in the 12th week)

Cardiovascular and respiratory system adaptations are designed to

bring about the more efficient delivery of larger quantities of oxygen to working muscles

Respiratory system improvements in aerobic training

Better oxygen uptake

Cardiovascular system improvements in aerobic training

Increase blood flow an the transportation of oxygen

Muscular system improvements in aerobic training

Enhance the utilisation of oxygen

Chronic adaptations to aerobic training: respiratory system

Chronic adaptations to aerobic training: cardiovascular system

Cardio

The heart

Vascular

Blood and blood vessels

Cardiac output formula

Q = SV x HR

Cardiac hypertrophy

Fast twitch fibres for the muscular system (aerobic training)

Takes the characteristics of slow twitch fibres (does not become them)

Chronic adaptations to aerobic training: muscular system

VO 2 max

The maximum amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported and utilised by the body for energy production. It can be improved by aerobic training

VO 2 max formula

VO 2 max = cardiac output x a-vO 2 diff

Absolute VO 2 max

The total amount of oxygen consumed, regardless of weight, age of gender, measured in L/min

Relative VO 2 max

Considers body weight and is expressed as mL/kg/min (how much oxygen is taken in per kilogram of body weight per minute, measured in millilitres)

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

The final point where lactate production and lactate removal are equal

Minimum period for anaerobic training

6 weeks

Chronic adaptations to anaerobic training: muscular system

Increased muscular hypertrophy

Increase size of myofibrils, contractile protein, size and strength of connective tissue

Chronic adaptation to resistance training: neuromuscular

Lactate tolerance

The ability of an athlete to continue to exercise at high intensities, despite the accumulation of lactate. It can be improved by anaerobic training above LIP