B2 Retrieval Questions - Year 10 - CS

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135 Terms

1

Process required for growth in animals

Cell division and differentiation in animals

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2

Processes necessary for growth in plants

Cell division, elongation, and differentiation in plants

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3

Stem cells

undifferentiated Cells capable of forming various cell types

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4

Three examples of stem cells

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, meristems

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5

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

Easily extracted, can generate any cell type

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6

Disadvantage of embryonic stem cells

Embryo destruction during cell extraction, can make tumour, moral issues , rejection

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7

Risk with stem cells

Potential uncontrolled division leading to cancer

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8

Advantage of stem cell treatment

Replacement of faulty cells with healthy ones

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9

Advantages of using adult stem cells

No embryo destruction, minimal rejection risk

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10

Disadvantage of adult stem cells

Limited cell type differentiation.

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11

Embryonic stem cells source

Derived from early-stage embryos (8 cells)

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12

Adult stem cells source

Obtained from bone marrow

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13

Meristems location

Located in rapidly growing plant parts like root and shoot tips

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14

Types of neurones in a reflex arc

Sensory, relay, motor neurones

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15

myelin sheath

Part of a neurone that insulates it and speeds up the impulse

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16

dendron

carry impulses towards the cell body

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17

axon

Part of a neurone carrying impulses away from the cell body

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18

Gap between 2 neurones

Synapse

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19

Impulse travel across a synapse

impulse travels to end of neurone . triggers release of neurotransmitters which diffuse across synapse. the neurotransmitters stimulate an electric impulse in second neurone

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20

cell differentiation

process by which cells become specialised

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21

growth percentile charts

used to monitor growth of an organism by comparing its growth to usual trends for that particular organism

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22

reflex arc

stimulus-receptor-sensory-relay-motor-effector-response

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23

what are reflexes

fast, involuntary actions responding to a stimulus - keeps the body safe

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24

What is the cell cycle?

The series of steps that take place as a cell grows and then divides 

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25

steps of the cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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26

cytokinesis

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two identical daughter cells

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27

4 stages of mitosis

prophase , metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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28

prophase

chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down leaving the chromosomes free in the cytoplasm

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29

metaphase

the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell

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30

anaphase

spindle fibres split the chromosomes down the centre and pull the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

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31

telophase

new membranes form around the chromosomes at either end of the cell . these become the nuclei of the two new cells

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32

Which two structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

brain and spinal cord

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33

What are the roles of the cerebral cortex?

interpreting senses , memory, consciousness, intelligence and language

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34

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

balance, muscle coordination

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35

role of medulla oblongata

coordinating unconscious activities like breathing rate

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36

hypothalamus

regulates our body temperature

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37

how can scientists study the brain apart from scans

study people with brain damage, electrically stimulate different parts of the brain

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38

why is treatment of the CNS so difficult

some areas are difficult to access ,

its hard to repair damage as neurones don’t readily repair ,

risk of further damage leading to permanent effects

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39

what 2 muscles make up the iris

circular muscles, radial muscles

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40

rod cells

cells that are sensitive to light and more sensitive in dim light

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41

cone cells

cells that are sensitive to different colours

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42

Which two structures refract (bend) light entering the eye? 

cornea, lens

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43

When light passes into the eye, where on the retina should the light be focused?

The fovea

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44

what lens is used to correct long-sightedness

convex

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45

what lens is used to correct short-sightedness

concave

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46

what does a CT scan do

uses X-rays to produce an image of the brain. shows main structures not functions.

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47

what does a PET scan do

use radioactive chemicals to show brain activity. can show both functions and structures in real time

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48

iris

controls how much light enters the pupil

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49

lens

transparent disc that refracts light, focussing it on the retina

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50

cornea

transparent lens that refracts light into eye

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51

retina

where light is detected , has light receptor cells

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52

how do you focus on distant objects

ciliary muscle relaxes but suspensory ligaments pull tight. lens is less rounded so less light is refracted

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53

how do you focus on nearby objects

ciliary muscle contracts but suspensory ligaments slacken. lens is more rounded so more light is refracted

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54

causes of long sightedness

short eyeball or lens not curved enough meaning it doesn’t refract enough light

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55

long sightedness problem

light from near objects is brought to focus behind the retina

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56

causes of short sightedness

long eyeball or lens being too curved meaning it refracts too much light

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57

short sightedness problem

light from distant objects is brought to focus infront of the retina

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58

red-green colour blind problem

red or green cones don’t work

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59

cataracts

cloudy patch on the lens which means less light reaches retina

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60

cure for cataracts

replacing faulty lens with artificial lens

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61

label the brain 1-6

  1. cerebral cortex

  2. cerebellum

  3. spinal cord

  4. medulla oblongata

  5. pituitary gland

  6. hypothalamus

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62

optic nerve

sensory nuerone that carries impulses between the eye and the brain

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63

pupil

hole that allows light to enter the eye

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64

ciliary muscle

a ring of muscle that contracts and relaxes to change the shape of the lens

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65

suspensory ligaments

ligaments that connect the ciliary muscle to the lens

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66

label the eye 1-9

  1. suspensory ligaments

  2. cornea

  3. iris

  4. pupil

  5. lens

  6. ciliary muscles

  7. retina

  8. fovea

  9. optic nerve

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67

label which neurone in which

  1. sensory

  2. relay

  3. motor

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68

2 main parts of human nervous system

Central nervous system , peripheral nervous system

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69

function of sensory neurone

carries impulse from sense organs to CNS

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70

2 features of a processed response and reflex response

processed requires a conscious decision and is slower

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71

why do motor nuerone’s have myelin sheaths

they travel great distance

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72

reflex arc definition

the pathway of a reflex response

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73

growth

permanent increase in size and mass

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74

why is using percentile charts to compare baby growth important

to identify health issues like malnutrition and obesity

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75

what causes uncontrolled cell division

genes that control cell division mutate

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76

similarity and difference of benign and malignant tumours

both form a lump, malignant tumours are cancerous and dangerous as they invade surrounding cells

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77

why in a growing root does only one daughter cell from cell division become differentiated

the other daughter cell stays a meristem for future growth

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78

cell elongation

when hormones such as auxin cause cells to grow longer in response to stimuli like sunlight

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79

how are growth percentile charts used

compares growth of a baby by historical data of children the same age

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80

how is growth measured in babies

mass, height, head circumference

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81

what does it mean if a baby is on the 25th percentile for mass

they are lighter than 75% of children their age but heavier than 25%

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82

why is differentiation important

to allow formation of specialised cells with structural adaptations which allow them to perform specific functions

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83

cell differentiation in plants

meristem can divide and differentiate into any cell type for as long as the plant lives

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84

adult cell usage

replace damaged cells or produce new cells for growth

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85

cell differentiation in animal cells

animals lose the ability to differentiate and divide into any cell type after the early stages. only adult stem cells remain

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86

disadvantages of stem cell treatment

tumour development, disease transmission, rejection

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87

adult stem cell usage in medicine

used to replace faulty cells

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88

How are embryonic stem cells used in medicine

They differentiate into cell type . The healthy cells replace the faulty cells .

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89

How can stem cells be used to cure diabetes

The stem cells differentiate into insulin producing pancreatic cells

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90

How can stem cells be used to cure paralysis

Stem cells differentiate into nerve cells to replace damaged neurones

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91

what is the brain made of

billions of interconnected neurones

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92

spinal chord

long column of neurones that run from the base of the brain down to the spine

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93

what does the spinal chord do

relay information between the brain and the body

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94

what 2 types of scans are used to investigate the brain and understand it

CT scans, PET scans

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95

how can a CT scan be used to identify function of an area

if that area is damaged and the patient has lost a particular function - the function of that part can be figured out

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96

what is PET scanner good for studying

disorders that change the brains activity

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97

sensory neurone structure

cell body in the middle. long dendron. short axon

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98

relay neurone structure

small cell body at one end with many short dendrites branching off, axon

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99

motor neurone structure

cell body at one end with long dendrites , an axon and a myelin sheath

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100

adaptations of nuerone’s

myelin sheath, longer axon

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