Studied by 7 people
Populations in Transition
The study of population trends and changes over time.
Exponential growth
Rapid and increasing population growth over time.
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of births per thousand people in a population.
Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of births per woman in a population.
Gender-related development index (GDI)
A measure of gender inequality based on life expectancy, education, and standard of living.
Standardized mortality rate (SMR)
A measure of mortality that takes into account the age composition of a population.
Population pyramid
A graphical representation of the age and sex structure of a population.
Demographic transition model
A model that describes the four stages of population growth and decline.
Dependency ratio
The ratio of dependents (those under 15 or over 60) to the working population.
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another, either internally or internationally.
Disparities in wealth and development
Inequalities in economic growth and opportunities between countries and within countries.
Informal economy
Economic activities that are not regulated or protected by the government.
Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through trade, communication, and technology.
Working poor
People who are employed but still live in poverty.
Parental education
The level of education attained by a person's parents, which can impact their opportunities and income.
Dominant World Economic Power
Asia was the dominant world economic power until 200 years ago.
Rapid Economic Growth
Rapid economic growth rates are helping Asia regain its former position as the dominant world economic power.
Income Inequalities
Income inequalities are characterized by the "Twin Peaks" of rich and poor.
Twin Peaks
The "Twin Peaks" represent the largest countries at either end of the income spectrum, with one pole representing the 2.4 billion people with a mean income less than $1000 a year and the other pole representing 500 million people with an annual income exceeding $11500.
Global Disparities
The main changes in income between different regions of the world include continued rapid economic growth in already rich countries, decline in real income of sub-Saharan Africa and eastern Europe, and relatively modest gains in Latin American and Arab states.
Lack of Decent Work and Low Incomes
One of the most important global disparities relates to the lack of decent work and low incomes, with about 200 million people not having any form of work according to the International Labour Organization (ILO).
Social Inequalities
Health and education inequalities have widened, especially within countries, with sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia being in the worst predicament.
Environmental Impacts
Today's disparities are closely linked to human impact on the environment, with the poor frequently having poor access to land, water, fuel, and other natural resources, which limits productivity.
Global Warming
Global warming refers to the increase in temperatures around the world, particularly since the 1980s, caused by the greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effect due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.
Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain gases allow short-wave radiation from the sun to pass through to heat up the earth but trap an increasing proportion of long-wave radiation from the earth.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
The enhanced greenhouse effect is the increased amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
Effects of Global Warming
The effects of global warming include a rise in sea levels, increase in storm activity, changes in agricultural patterns, reduced rainfall, and extinction of species.
Policies to Combat Climate Change
Policies to combat climate change include reducing CO2 emissions through improved energy efficiency, fuel switching, use of renewable energy sources, nuclear power, capture and storage of CO2, and increasing the rate at which natural sinks take up CO2.
Changing Water Supply and Demand
Water usage has increased six times in the past century, and many areas are experiencing changing water supply and demand, depletion of aquifers, and dropping water tables.
Water Stress
Water stress occurs when per capita water supply is less than 1700 m3 per year, leading to frequent water shortages and problems for food production and economic development.
Water Scarcity
Water scarcity can be physical, where water consumption exceeds 60% of the usable supply, or economic, where additional storage and transport facilities are needed but are too costly.
Water Quality
Water quality needs to be of adequate quality for consumption, as poor water quality can lead to water-related diseases and health problems.
Global Water Supply and Sanitation
Access to safe and affordable water supplies and sanitation is lacking in many developing countries, with urban areas better served than rural ones and countries in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean better off than African countries.
Ecological Footprints
Ecological footprints measure the amount of Earth's bio productive space needed to sustain a population at its current level of resource consumption, taking into account factors such as arable land, pasture land, forests, oceans, infrastructure needs, and energy costs.
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability is essential in aiding the poor, as they are highly dependent on the environment and its resources, and climate change and overexploitation of resources are reshaping the environment on which they depend.
Environmental degradation
The deterioration of the environment due to human activities, resulting in the depletion of natural resources and negative impacts on ecosystems.
Policy development
The process of creating and implementing policies, which are guidelines or rules established by governments or organizations to address specific issues or achieve certain objectives.
Economic growth
The increase in the production and consumption of goods and services in an economy over time, often measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Cost-effective
Producing the desired outcome or benefits at a reasonable cost or with the most efficient use of resources.
Korup National Park
A protected area in Cameroon established in 1986, aimed at conserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable development through limited human activities such as tourism, research, and recreation.
Sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, considering social, economic, and environmental aspects.
Community forests
Large forest areas managed by local communities in a sustainable manner, with regular oversight from the government and organizations like the WWF.
Alternative energy sources
Renewable resources such as hydroelectric power, solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy that can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels for generating electricity.
Renewable energy
Energy derived from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight, wind, water, and biomass.
Recycling
The process of converting waste materials into reusable materials to conserve resources and reduce pollution.
Reuse
The practice of using a product multiple times by returning it to the manufacturer or processor for refurbishment or reconditioning.
Reduction
The act of using less energy or resources to minimize waste and environmental impact, such as turning off lights when not in use.
Substitution
The act of using one resource instead of another, often choosing renewable resources over non-renewable ones to reduce environmental harm.
Landfill
A method of waste disposal where waste materials are buried in the ground and covered with soil and other materials.
Fly-tipping
The illegal dumping of waste or old equipment by individuals or companies, often due to increased costs of proper waste disposal.
Note 
Flashcard (50)