medication administration
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55 Terms
What is pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the medication.
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
What factors affect absorption?
Route of administration, medication solubility, pH of the GI tract, and blood flow.
What is bioavailability?
How much of the medication is available to exert its actions for the patient.
What factors affect distribution?
Local blood flow, membrane permeability, and protein-binding capacity.
What factors influence metabolism?
First-pass effect and liver function.
What factor affects excretion?
Organ function.
What is onset of action?
When the medication begins to work.
What is peak action?
The highest medication level/effect.
What is duration of action?
How long the medication's effects last.
What is a therapeutic level?
The medication level intended to provide the desired effect.
What is half-life?
The time it takes for the medication level to decrease by half.
What is a peak level?
The highest medication level in the blood.
What is a trough level?
The medication's lowest concentration in the blood.
When is a trough level typically measured?
About 30 minutes before the next dose.
What is pharmacodynamics?
How medications achieve their effects at various sites in the body.
What is mechanism of action?
How the medication works in the body.
What are examples of secondary effects?
Side effects, adverse reactions, toxic reactions, allergic reactions, and anaphylaxis.
What is a generic name?
The official/nonproprietary name of a medication.
How is a generic name written?
Lowercase letters.
What is a trade name?
The brand/proprietary name of a medication.
How is a trade name written?
Capitalized.
What is medication reconciliation?
The process of obtaining an accurate list of the patient's current medications and comparing them with prescribed medications.
When is medication reconciliation performed?
Admission, transfer within a facility, transfer to another facility, and discharge home.
What is a MAR?
Medication Administration Record; a legal document.
What is an EMAR?
Electronic Medication Administration Record.
What does PRN mean?
As needed for a specified problem or condition.
What does STAT mean?
A single dose of medication given immediately.
What is a one-time order?
A medication administered once at a designated time.
What is a routine order?
An order carried out as specified until changed, discontinued, or the patient is discharged.
What is a standing order?
A protocol-based order containing implementation instructions for specific situations.
What are medication safety concerns listed in the slides?
Look-alike medication names/Tall Man lettering, high-alert medications, and error-prone abbreviations.
What abbreviation should NOT be used for units?
U or u; write "unit" instead.
What skills are required for safe medication administration?
Critical thinking, medication knowledge, knowing why the patient receives it, anticipating side effects, assessments, dosage calculations, and patient teaching.
What safety technologies are used for medication administration?
Barcode Medication Administration, Computerized Prescriber Order Entry, Automated Dispensing Unit, and Smart Pump.
What important principle applies to medication technology?
Technology does not replace critical thinking.
What should be verified before preparing medications?
Patient's name, date of birth, drug allergies, prescribed medications, required assessments, vital signs, and lab results.
How should medications be checked on the MAR/EMAR?
Follow the order from top to bottom; do not skip around.
What are the Rights of Medication Administration?
Patient, medication, dose, route, time, assessment, patient education, refuse, documentation, and response/evaluation.
What are the 3 medication checks?
When obtaining the medication, while preparing it, and at the bedside before administering.
What should be checked in addition to the 3 checks?
The expiration date.
What should patient education include?
Medication name, reason prescribed, safe administration, side effects/adverse effects, and when to contact the provider.
What are causes of medication errors?
Lack of information, faulty communication, equipment errors, calculation errors, failure to correctly identify the patient, fatigue, distraction, and interruption.
How can medication errors be prevented?
Prepare medications in an accurate environment, prepare for one patient at a time, never leave medications unattended, and stay with the patient until medications are taken.
What should you do if a medication error occurs?
Assess the patient, report the error and findings to the primary care provider, complete the facility error form, and complete an incident report.
What does PO mean?
Oral.
What does SL mean?
Sublingual.
What are parenteral routes?
Intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous.
What are examples of instillation routes?
Ophthalmic, otic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal.
What is the most commonly used medication route?
Oral (PO).
Where are oral medications intended to be absorbed?
The stomach and small intestine.
What should never be done to extended-release or enteric-coated medications?
They should never be crushed, broken, or chewed.
When is the oral route contraindicated according to the slides?
For patients who are NPO, comatose, experiencing nausea/vomiting, or having difficulty swallowing.
What is a medication pass sheet?
A sheet used in campus labs and hospital clinical to prepare for safe medication administration.
What information is included on a medication pass sheet?
Drug/dosage/route/frequency, safe dose range, pharmacologic and therapeutic class, mechanism of action, reason prescribed, side effects/adverse reactions, nursing assessments, and major teaching points.