Chapter 5 Terms

Ambivalent sexism

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.

Aversive racism

Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other.

Contact hypothesis

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups can reduce intergroup prejudice under specific conditions.

Discrimination

Behavior directed against individuals based on their group membership.

Illusory correlation

Overestimating the association between variables that are slightly or not correlated at all.

Implicit racism

Unconscious and unintentional racism.

Ingroup favoritism

The tendency to discriminate in favor of one's own group over other groups.

Ingroups

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Jigsaw classroom

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through group interaction.

Modern racism

Prejudice that surfaces subtly when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Assuming greater similarity among members of outgroups compared to members of ingroups.

Outgroups

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Prejudice

Negative feelings towards individuals based on their group membership.

Racism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background or practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

Realistic conflict theory

The theory that hostility between groups arises from direct competition for limited resources.

Relative deprivation

Feelings of discontent due to perceiving oneself as doing poorly compared to others.

Sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender or practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

Social categorization

Classifying individuals into groups based on common attributes.

Social dominance orientation

Desiring one's ingroup to be dominant over other groups and adopting cultural values that facilitate oppression.

Social identity theory

The theory that individuals favor their ingroups over outgroups to enhance their self-esteem.

Social role theory

The theory that small gender differences are magnified due to contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

Stereotype content model

A model suggesting that group stereotypes are influenced by relative status and competition along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

Stereotypes

Beliefs or associations linking a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

Stereotype threat

Concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group.

Stigmatized

Persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society due to group membership or specific characteristics.

Subliminal presentations

Presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that individuals are not consciously aware of exposure.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that can only be achieved through cooperation among individuals or groups.

System justification theory

The theory proposing that people are motivated to defend and justify existing social, political, and economic conditions.