TYC History and Approaches in ECE

In the history of childhood education, women tended to be the ____ while the men tended to be ____________.

practitioners; theorists, philosophers, and writers

The field of early childhood education has its roots in _______, which is a cultural and intellectual movement focused on human needs and values rather than religious authority. They also stress the value and goodness of human beings and highlights respect for human dignity, rights, and well-being.

Humanism

Important ideas that guide the child centered approach include:

-Importance of early years

-education based on the growing abilities, needs, and interests of child

-attention to all aspects of children's development

-connection between mind and body

-value of learning about children through observation

-commitment to universal education

-childhood valued as a time in its own right

-significant role of families in children's development

True or False

Child-centered approaches to working with young children were actually easily accepted during the lifetimes of their originators.

False

True or False

In Europe and America, the treatment of children was mainly harsh, and most education was based on rote learning.

True

What are the 4 periods included in the history of early childhood education?

Ancient Greece and Rome

The renaissance and the reformation

The age of enlightenment

The industrial revolution

Who are the theorists who belong to the period of Ancient Greece and Rome

Plato

Aristotle

Quintilian

This theorist believe that:

-early childhood years shape child's future

-insisted the importance of education of girls

-criticized the use of corporal punishment

-the curriculum must include games, music, stories, and drama that illustrate the values of a good citizen

-valued structured physical play

Plato

This theorist was more interest in the world visible to the senses and logical organization of thought. He saw early childhood years as time to establish good habits.

Aristotle

This theorist encouraged the parents to let their children play. He also realized that children younger than 7 did not benefit from customary educational practices. He also emphasized the importance of picking good tutors so that young children could lear correct speech and behavior by imitation.

Quintilian

What is the impact of the theorists from ancient Greece and Rome on ECE?

-Education should begin in early age

-education for boys and girls

-development of mind and body

-play as valuable tool for learning

Education during the middle ages was best described as:

There was a struggle in carrying on the traditions of literacy and learning in an age of darkness. Children were expected to do work in the field rather than going to educational institutions.

During the later Middle ages, new religious orders, such as ______ moved out of their monastaries and went into communities to work among the poor. They provided care and education to abandoned or orphaned children.

Franciscan friars

Theorists that belong in the Rain a sauce and Reformation period are:

Martin Luther

John Amos Comenius

This theorist believed that education should be for all children, that individual literacy is important, and that all aspects of development are important. He also believed that boys and girls should be taught to read so they could experience the bible for themselves

Martin Luther

This theorist, also known as the Father of Early Childhood Education, believed that:

-the period from birth to age 6 is of the highest importance for human development

-language as the foundation for later learning

-education begins with nurture at "the school of the mother's knee"

-learning should be meaningful/personally relevant. Children learn best when concrete experiences precede abstract tasks.

-he also envisaged education as a series of ascending grades

-believed that learning occurs spontaneously when children are allowed to play

John Amos Comenius

Bonus question: Comenius' book, called ______, is considered to be the first picture book.

Orbis Pictus

The impact of both Luther and Comenius can be seen in:

-The use of picture books

-use of toys in education

-incorporation of their ideas by succeeding theorists

Theorists who belong in the Age of Enlightenment are:

John Locke

Jean Jacques Rousseau

This theorist believe that children enter the world as a blank slate. He also believes that knowledge is received through the senses and he values nurture over nature. He also encourages respectful loving relationships rather than corporal punishment

John Locke

another term for blank slate is

tabula rasa

This theorist believe that children are inherently good. He also believes that education should begin at birth and continue into adulthood. He also stated that children learn best from direct experience and exploration of the environment and that they learn in their own natural and undirected play. He also theorized that there are developmental stages the children go through.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

The impact of Locke and Rousseau can be seen in:

-focus on direct experience

-belief in free play

-playful teaching

-focusing on the child in education

Theorists who belong in the Industrial Revolution are:

Johann Pestalozzi

Robert Owen

This theorist believed that:

-all children have the right to education and the capacity to profit from it

-education can help awaken the potential of each child

-FIRST year of life as the most important in child's development

-instruction must be adapted to each child's interests, abilities, and stage of development

-rejected the practice of memorization

-advocated learning through sensory exploration, observation, and self-discovery

-believed that learning must be sequence from concrete to abstract

Johann Pestalozzi

This theorist believe that:

-an infant school for children under 5 should be established

-education of young children (with other factors) can transform the nature of people and society

-natural consequences will teach children right from wrong

-do not pressure children to learn

-believed that a caring and nonpunitive teacher should be the one directing the students

-incorporated sensory learning, stories, singing, dance, and nature study in his own curriculum

Robert Owen

The impact of Pestalozzi and Owen can be seen in:

-focus on sensory exploration

-allowing self-paced learning

-sensory learning, stories, singing, dance, nature study, physical exercise

-periods of time which children choose their activities

-play valued as vehicle for learning

Educational Movements in ECE include:

Kindergarten

Progressive Education

Montessori Method

Waldorf Education

Reggio Emilia Approach

This educational movement provided the transition between home and school and between infancy and childhood (4-6 yo) and believes that: play as essential part of learning and mother-child relationship is important. This educational movement also aims to awaken the child's senses to the perfection of God-given structure underlying all nature and to provide a common ground for all people and advance each individual and society into a realm of fundamental unity.

Kindergarten Movement

The Kindergarten movement is founded by

Friedrich Wilhelm Froebel

According to the Froebellian Kindergarten, the three forms of knowledge are:

-Knowledge of forms of life (animals and plants)

-Knowledge of forms of math (geometric forms)

-Knowledge of forms of beauty (design with color, harmonies, movement)

The materials used in the kindergarten, which enhance sensory and spiritual development, and aim to encourage discovery and manipulation, are called:

Gifts

Handiwork activities in the kindergarten (like molding, cutting, folding, bead stringing, and embroidery) which aim to foster discovery, inventiveness and skill are called

Occupations

What are the two aspects of society that contributed to the rapid growth of the kindergarten?

-The idea of children being inherently good was becoming widely accepted

-concern for social issues created by large influx of poor immigrants and rise of philanthropic social work

What is the main criticism towards Kindergarten education?

seen by progressive educators as too rigid

The pedagogical principles of Froebelian kindergarten still prevalent today are:

-activity as basis for knowing

-play as essential part of educational process

-teacher as affectionate leader

-teaching of young children should differ in content and process from teaching older children

-teacher must support the development of positive impulses in children

This educational movement aims to improve society through schooling, help people develop their full potential, and to prepare citizens to live in a democratic society. This also emphasizes learning by doing (in a group setting), techniques of instruction centered in child's interests, and promotes the use of unit blocks.

Progressive Education

The main proponent of the Progressive Education movement is

John Dewey

How did children in progressive programs learn?

Through experiencing and experimenting with materials and self-directed activities.

Progressive pedagogical principles that are still prevalent today include:

-education is the life of the child in the present, not just for the future

-cooperation and problem solving as important aspects of the curriculum

-children learn through doing

-all aspects of development are important

-teacher as a guide

This educational movement aims to preserve the dignity of the child, to develop the child's independence and productivity, and to ensure the psychological health of the child. To them, intelligence is stimulated by experience and that children learn best through sensory exploration. Children are also intrinsically motivated and their learning must be sequential.

Montessori Method

The founder of the Montessori method is

Maria Montessori

Maria Montessori founded the _______ also known as Children's House

Casa dei Bambini

Montessori used the term _______ to describe the match of the right materials to the child's stages of development

Prepared environment

What is peculiar to a Montessori classroom

Children grouped in mixed ages

All learning in a Montessori classroom is _____, which means each activity paves the way to future, more complex experiences.

Cumulative

True or False

Activities in a Montessori school are primarily for individual work

True

Montessori classrooms are equipped with _______ which help children develop their senses and learn concepts. These are carefully crafted and are aesthetically pleasing. These are graded in difficulty and are sequence from known to unknown and from concrete to abstract. They also provide feedback to the child.

Didactic materials

______ is a characteristic of a Montessori classroom, which mean's children's work is taken seriously and is not considered play.

Purposeful activity

Teachers in a Montessori school are called

Directors/directress

This educational movement aims to build a free equal, and collaborative society, to develop free human beings who have purpose and direction in their lives and to achieve balanced development of young children. They also emphasize development of inner strength, and imitation and being an example to children as important strategies for learning.

Waldorf Education

Waldorf Education was founded by

Rudolf Steiner

Steiner believed that in the first 7 years of life, the most important development had to do with the child's__________

body and will (inclination to activity)

Steiner's philosophy emphasized balanced _______,_______,_____-

development, imagination, creativity

Waldorf classrooms are best described as

home-like. with soft colors, natural materials, and no modern technology.

True or False

Waldorf education believes that children under 7 should not receive formal education, hence their students are not taught to read or write.

True

Criticisms towards Waldorf education include:

-lack of emphasis on skills for early grades

-spiritually based pedagogy

-lack of formalized assessment procedures

-and for disregarding modern technology

This educational movement aim for students to work collaboratively in a community, to develop a child's potential, to develop children's symbolic languages, and to ensure the young child is visible to the community and society.

Reggio Emilia Approach

The Reggio Emilia approach was founded by

Loris Malaguzzi

The key concepts of Reggio Emilia philosophy includes:

1. the child as strong and competent person who has a right to receive the best education and care a society can offer

2. education based on relationships, especially the interrelationships among children, teachers and parents

3. that education is based on interaction of young children working together in small groups

The Reggio approach promotes intellectual development of children through a systematic focus on_______, which allow children to show their environment and experiences through many natural languages or modes of expression.

Symbolic representation

bonus question: the atelier is ____ while the piazza is ____

art studio; large central gathering area

A team of educational coordinators called ______ work to create continual exchange of information among teachers, children, and families

Pedagogistas

The _____, also known as the art teacher, helps teachers support children in expressing their knowledge through creative representation.

Atelierista

True or False

In the Reggio Emilia approach, teachers actually share the children's works and their questions and comments so their parents can examine them

True

Why do Reggio Emilia school avoid publishing their curricula or teacher's manuals?

They insist that education must be constantly evolving and changing based on the unique characteristics of each community