immunology biotech quiz

which disease destroys the brain and will kill you if not treated?

rabies

how is the ebola virus transmitted?

through contact with a infected person’s bodily fluids

what effect does ebola have on the body?

causes multiple organs to fail simultaneously

what 2 macromolecules make up a virus?

nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and a protein shell (the capsid)

which line of defense has non specific resistance? why are they considered non-specific?

innate immune system; because it treats all foreign substances the same way

which line of defense has specific resistance? why is it considered specific?

the adaptive immune system; because it can learn about pathogens it has encountered before

which line of defense is skin a part of? how does the skin defend us?

first; forms a shield that protects against foreign things

which line of defense are mucus and cilia a part of? how does mucus and cilia protect US?

first; mucus detects pathogens and cilia allows the coughing up of pathogens

which line of defense are saliva, sweat, and tears a part of? how do they protect US?

first; breaks down bacteria through enzymes

what line of defense is ear wax? how does it protect US?

first; protects from dirt getting trapped

what line of defense are stomach acid, vaginal secretions, and urine? how does it protect US?

first; breaks down pathogens

what line of defense are neutrophilis? how does it protect US?

second; engulfs and destroys microbes

what line of defense are macrophages? how does it protect US?

second; communicates with other white blood cells and destroys microbes

what line of defense is eosinophilis? how does it protect US?

second; engulf and destroy pathogens + gives out destructive enzymes

what line of defense are natural killer cells? how does it protect US?

second; goes around the body and looks for infected cells to kill

what line of defense are interferon? how does it protect US?

second; chemical that slows down virus reproduction

what line of defense is the complement system? how does it protect US?

second; destroys pathogens and causes inflammation

what line of defense are helper T cells? how does it protect US?

third; release cytokines, which communicate with other immune cells to start an immune response

what line of defense are T cells (cytotoxic t-cells)? how does it protect US?

third; kill pathogens and cancer cells

what line of defense are B cells? how does it protect US?

third; create antibodies that neutralize pathogens

difference between antigen and pathogen

antigens are proteins on the surface of a cell that the body treats like a foreign substance and makes antibodies for and a pathogen is a harmful foreign substance

difference between acquired/adaptive and innate immunity

acquired is acquired throughout life and exposure to different pathogens and innate is what youre born with

what do phagocytic cells do?

surround and kill foreign substances and dying cells

what do antigen presenting cells do?

allow for further development of an immune response against the specific antigen it is presenting as

how do macrophages and infected body cells activate b cells and t cells?

by receiving antigens (?)

what are the major components of blood?

plasma and formed elements

where do b cells mature? where do t cells mature?

the bone marrow; the thymus

what is the structure of an antibody?

a y shaped structure with four polypeptides

how do helper t cells activate b cells and t cells?

by binding to the antigen through the corresponding receptor, triggering a domino like activation

what is another term for antibody?

immunoglobulin

neutralization

antibodies surround a pathogen so it can no longer infect

opsonization

antibodies tag pathogens to increase phagocytosis

complement system cooperation

antibodies work with proteins of the complement system to cause cell lysis, which is the breakage of the cell membrane of the pathogen

agglutination

antibodies cause the pathogen to clump so it can be removed easily

what is the difference between an antigen and antibody?

antigens promote an immune response against them to better that response while an antibody is produced when the body detects antigens

what is the difference between a plasma cell and a memory cell?

plasma cells offer immediate protection while memory cells remember pathogens so the immune response against them is better in the future

first exposure vs. second

first: weak, second: body learns and has antibodies and defends

why is it important for the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens?

to know which ones to attack and which ones attacking will cause bodily harm

what is immunity?

resistance to a pathogen

what is the difference between active and passive immunity?

active is when the body protects against the pathogen by making its own antibodies while passive is when receiving pre-made antibodies

what are immune disorders?

caused when the body attacks itself

why are allergies an immune disorder?

treats food or other stuff like pathogens

how do vaccines work?

a vaccine is made up of parts of a harmful organism so that the body has a reaction to it; as a result, if ever exposed to the real thing, the immune system will be ready

what is herd immunity and how does it help to keep a population healthy?

when a large group becomes immune to a disease; prevents the disease being spread around that group

what is an ELISA test used for?

detect infections or a wide array of conditions by quantifying antibodies, antigens, proteins, etc.

how does ELISA work?

the substance of interest is stuck to a solid surface and then an antigen (enzyme or something else) that is meant to detect that substance is added

what disease were we testing for in our ELISA lab?

lyme disease

What did it mean when the ELISA solution turned blue? clear?

the target antigen was detected; the target antigen was not detected

covid and pregnancy tests + ELISA

covid: detect the virus that causes covid, pregnancy: amount of mCG found in the urine is detected

type A blood cells? antibodies?

A; B

type B blood cells? antibodies?

B; A

type AB blood cells? antibodies?

A and B; none

type O blood cells? antibodies?

none; A and B

who can donate blood to who?

A: to A and AB’

B: to B and AB

AB: to AB

O: to anyone

who can receive blood from whom?

A: A or O

B: B or O

AB: A or B or AB

O: none

what determines a person’s blood type?

the blood cells found in their blood

what happens if you receive blood that is not compatible with your type?

it coagulates and clumps up

how does blood clotting defend against infection?

prevents the spread of pathogens

how are antibodies used in blood typing?

blood sample is mixed with type A and B and the clotting pattern determines your blood type

what are monoclonal antibodies?

antibodies made in a lab that substitute natural antibodies

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

from cells obtained from animals or a clone that has been immunized

what are monoclonal antibodies used for?

diagnosing and treating diseases