Human Geography and Macroeconomics Lecture Notes

Detailed fill-in-the-blank practice questions covering the key concepts of human geography, state structures, economic sectors, and global development models presented in the lecture.

A __________ is a formalized political unit and is essentially a synonym for a country.

State

For a state to truly function, it must have __________, meaning absolute independence from outside powers.

Sovereignty

When a sovereign territory perfectly overlaps with a specific ethnic group governing itself, it is called a __________.

Nation state

The state of __________ is a perfect real-world example of a nation state because of its highly homogeneous society.

Japan

A __________ state, such as Rwanda, is highly efficient because the distance from the center to any outer boundary is roughly equal.

Compact

Chile is an example of an __________ state, which can suffer from severe regional isolation due to its long, narrow shape.

Elongated

A __________ state, like South Africa, completely surrounds another country.

Perforated

States that are mostly compact but have a large projecting extension to grab access to a resource are called __________ states.

Prorupted

Indonesia is a __________ state because it is made up of thousands of individual islands.

Fragmented

In a __________ system, power is distributed out to regional local governments rather than held at one central hub.

Federal

The __________ sector of an economy involves the physical harvesting or extraction of raw materials from the Earth.

Primary

Smelting iron and building a car are activities associated with the __________ sector of the economy.

Secondary

The __________ sector focuses on providing services, such as a car dealership.

Tertiary

Knowledge-based industries, such as writing autonomous driving software, occupy the __________ sector.

Quaternary

In South Africa, a staggering __________ of small farms operate on insufficient land of less than $10\,hectares$.

$$72\%$$

The __________ model maps out how transportation costs and proximity to a city dictate agricultural production.

Von Thunen

In the Von Thunen model, the first ring closest to the city is used for dairy and __________.

Horticulture

Forestry is located in the second ring of the Von Thunen model because transporting heavy logs by horse-drawn cart was historically __________ and slow.

Expensive

Animal grazing is pushed to the fourth ring of the Von Thunen model because the land there is __________.

Dirt cheap

If a product is __________, meaning it gets heavier during production, the factory should be situated as close to the final market as possible.

Bulk gaining

The __________ ranks states based on how effectively they convert resources into a high quality of life.

Human Development Index

The HDI measures development through a three-legged stool: standard of living, access to knowledge, and a __________.

Long and healthy life

The standard of living in the HDI is measured by __________ per capita.

Gross national income

High maternal mortality rates and high adolescent fertility rates frequently drive higher __________ inequality.

Gender

In the world systems perspective, __________ states are wealthy, advanced areas like North America and Western Europe that control global capital.

Core

The __________ consists of less wealthy nations that provide primary raw materials and cheap labor.

Periphery

India followed the __________ path for decades, protecting domestic industries from outside competition using tariffs and quotas.

Self sufficient

The __________ path was famously used by the 'Asian dragons' to attract foreign investment and integrate into global markets.

International trade

In Rostow's model, the __________ phase is characterized by rapid industrialization, such as early textile mills and railway expansions.

Takeoff

The final stage of Rostow's model, where the populace is wealthy enough to buy widespread manufactured goods, is the age of __________.

Mass consumption

During an economic crisis, the use of __________ involves injecting government money to create jobs and maintain demand.

Stimulus

The policy of _________ involves sharply cutting government spending and social services to lower public debt.

Austerity

The __________ provides massive loans for physical infrastructure like national highways and dams.

World Bank

The __________ steps in to bail countries out during financial crises, often demanding strict structural reforms.

IMF

At the grassroots level, __________ provides tiny loans, sometimes just $50$, to local individuals.

Microfinance

If international debt payments from __________ become too large, governments may be forced to cut funding for education and health care.

Foreign direct investment