Lesson 6: Protists

do protists include a lot of diversity

yes

do protists have a huge range in size

yes

are protists multicellular or single cellular

they can be both microscopic and single cellular and enormous and multicellular

____ and ___ make protists hard to classify

complexity and diversity

why can protists not be classified as plants

gametes and zygotes are not protected from drying out (must be in aquatic enviroment)

why can protists not be classified as fungi

do not have chitin their cell wall

why can protists not be classified as animals

they do not undergo embryonic development

protista is a

kingdom

what domain do protists fall under

Eukarya

most protists are ___ (but not all)

unicellular (many have amazingly high structural and functional integrity)

most protists are free ___

living

are some protists parasitic

yes

____ reproduction is common with protists

asexual

when conditions deteriorate what type of reproduction may occur

sexual

protists life cycle:

some life cycles are simply, many extremely complex

protists size

range from microscopic to 200m long kelp

protist use __ methods of transportation

various

what do paramecium use to propel itself

hair-like appendages called cilia

what are cilia

hair like appendages that organisms can use to propel themselves

what do amoeba use to move

pseudopodia

what are pseudopodia

lobe like pseudopodia to anchor itself to a solid surface

what do euglena use to propel itself

flagellum

what is a flagella

a whip like tail

protists can be both ___ and ___ (metabolism)

aerobic and anaerobic

three types of metabolisms seen in protists

photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs

photoautotrophs-

photosynthesis characterized by the presence of chloroplasts

heterotrophs

consume organic mater (such as other organisms) to obtain energy

mixotrophs

obtain nutrition by photoautotrophic or heterotrophic routes depending on whether sunlight or organic materials are available

phagocytosis

engulfment of a food particle

do protists or plants produce more oxygen

protists

protists function as ___ in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems

producers

__ are a major component of plankton

protists

what is at the bottom of the aquatic food chain

plankton

_____ are organisms that are suspended in water

plankton

many ___ are symbionts

protists

what is a symbiont

an organisms in a symbiotic relationship with other organisms

__ are greatly aided by symbiotic photoautotrophic protists in tissues of ___

coral reefs, coral

what kingdom do corals fall under

animalia

what do must protists undergo to produce two daughter cells

some form of asexual reproduction, such as binary fission

some protists can produce ____ that go on to divide and grow to the size of the parental protist

tiny buds

____ reproduction involving meiosis and fertilization is also present in some protists

sexual reproduction

many protists can switch between ___ and ___ when necessay

asexual to sexual reproduction

when would asexual reproduction be good

when the environment is stable

when would sexual reproduction be good

when the environment is changing and diversity is needed

nearly all protists exist in some type of ___ habitat

aquatic

what are examples of aquatic habitats that protists exist in

freshwater, marine environment, damp soil, snow

waht type of protist causes malaria

plasmodium

several protists species are ___ that infect animals or plants

parasites

a few protists species live dead organisms or their waste→contributing to their decay→

saprotrops

algae refers to many phyla of protists that carry out ___

photosynthesis

what phylum make up green algae

chlorophyta and charophyta

green algae inhabit

oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, tree bark, turtles backs

many green algae are ___ with plants, animals, or fungi

symbionts

majority of green algae are ____

unicellular

majority of green algae are unicellular, but form __

form filaments or colonies

som green algae are ___ and resemble leaves of lettuce

multicellular

plants are thought be derived from

charophyta

why are plants thought to be derived by chlorophyta

both have a cell wall that contains cellulose, have chloroplasts with chlorophylls a and b, store excess food as starch (linking glucose into starch)

what is the phylum for red algae

Rhodophyta

how many species of Rhodophyta are there

7000 +

are Rhodophyta multicellular or unicellular

multicellular

where do red algae live

in warmer sea water some as deep as 200m

economic importance of red algae

agar, carrageenan

what is agar used to make

capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, culture medium, food prep, electrophoresis

what is carrageenan used for

an emulsifying agent used in chocolate, low-fat foods, toothpaste, and cosmetics, pills, reddish black wrapping on sushi

brown algae scientific name

Phaeophyceae

how many species of Phaeophyceae

1500

where do most brown algae live

colder ocean waters along rocky
coasts

are brown algae multicellular

yes

morphology of brown algae

some small forms with simple filaments others large multicellular forms that may exceed 200 m in length

pigments in brown algae

Chlorophylls a and c, Fucoxanthin (a type of carotinoid pigment)

what pigment gives brown algae their color

Fucoxanthin

what type of pigment is Fucoxanthin

a type of carotinoid pigment

excess food in brown algae is stored as carbohydrate called

laminarin (not starch)

what are diatoms

most numerous multicellular algae in the ocean

____ are a significant portion of phytoplankton

diatoms

diatoms are nearly ___ of organic matter in the ocean

half

__ produce 25-50% of oxygen each year

diatoms

diatom life span-

around 6 days and double every 24 hours

do diatoms have a cell wall

yes

diatoms consist of two __

valves (with the larger acting as a lid (like a mint tin))

diatoms contain what

silica(sand)

diatomaceous earth can be used as

filtering agent, sound proofing material, polishing abrasives

what color are zooflagellates

colorless

zooflagellates are

heterotrophs

most flagellates are ___ and many are ___

symbiotic, parasitic

what are zooflagellates well known for

causing various diseases humans

importantt diseases that zooflagellates cause in humans

Giardia(), Trypanosoma, Trichomonas

what is the most common zooflagellates in the human digestive track

Giardia

what does Giardia cause

severe diarrhea

how do amoebas move and ingest their food

using pseudopods

what do amoebas use to digest food

phagolysosomes

what do amoebas do to food

phagocytize it

_____ are among the most complex of the protozoans

ciliates

how do ciliates move

hundreds of cilia beat in coordinated
rhythm

how do ciliates divide

divide by binary fission during asexual
reproduction

example of a ciliate

paramecium

what type of protist are many encased in cellulose armor and have two flagella that fit in grooves between the plates

Dinoflagellates

what causes the spinning motion of dinoflagellates

movement of two perpendicular flagella

____ is emitted from dinoflagellates in a breaking
wave

bioluminescence