GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

TYPES OF SOIL PROPERTIES

density, unit weight, water content, void ratio, degree of saturation

is a broad term for the loose covering of earth that spreads across the planet.

soil

it is filled with water or other liquids also remaining spaces are filled with air or gas

Voids in soil

it is a term for soil and rock strata which permit water flow.

porous media

1. 1. flow is on what state when the porous medium still has some of its void occupied by air?
   2. what flow state when the voids are filled with water.

unsaturated, saturated

SOIL TYPES

Clay soil, silt soil, sandy soil

what type of soil that has particles that are very small and compact

clay soil

what type of soil that is made up of fine particles

silt soil

what type of soil that has large particles.

sandy soil

formula for porosity?

n = Vv/V

formula for void ratio

e = Vv/Vs

formula for degree of saturation

S = Vw/Vv

it divides the unsaturated zone from the saturated zone

water table

it varies with soil types and vegetation

soil water zone

it remains absorbed to the surface of soil grains

hygroscopic water

it drains through the soil under the influence of gravity.

Gravitational water

this zone is essentially a connecting like between a near - ground surface region and the near - water - table region through which infiltrating fluids must pass.

Intermediate zone

this zone or fringe extends from the water table up to the limit of capillary rise, which varies inversely with the pore size of the soil and directly with the surface tension

Capillary zone

what zone that the groundwater fills the pore spaces completely and porosity is therefore a direct measure of storage volume.

saturated zone

it is expressed as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume

porosity

it can be defined as a formation that contains sufficient permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs.

Aquifer

what kind of Aquifers are those into which water seeps from the ground surface directly above the aquifer.

Unconfined aquifers

what kind of aquifers that are overlain by a low permeability, confining layer, often made up of clay.

confined aquifers

it is a saturated, low permeability stratum, such as a silty clay, that may leak water from one aquifer to another.

Aquitard

it is a saturated and is a relatively impermeable confining unit, such as clay, that might act as a confining layer above or below an aquafer system.

Aquiclude

it is a small, unconfined aquafer that has a confining layer below it.

perched aquifer