PS Chap 1-3, 11

The notion of process

suggests that a speaker takes a series of actions in order to develop and deliver a speech

Intention

indicates that the speaker has a purpose when engaging in public speaking

Messages

Contain information that the speaker seeks ot share with the audience

Predetermined setting

suggest that public speaking does not normally occur spontaneously

Miller (2002) theory

speakers use eye contact to bond with their audience

Athenian tradition traced

to aristotle and dominates in US tradition

Egyptians first began teaching students

principles of both good behavior and good speech around 2,200 B.C

The good man speaking well

phrase is credited to Cato and expresses the belief that ethical conduct and effective speaking are inseparable

Ethics

a set of standards for conduct and moral judgement

First amendment limitations

you may not engage in speech that poses a clear and present danger to others

Chaplinsky V New Hampshire (1942)

ruled there is a category of fighting words that is outside first ammendment protection

Slander

unjustifiable spoken accusations that hurt another persons reputation

National communication association

endorse and commited to practices of ethical communication

Listening (Floyd 1985):

process that involves hearing, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages

Types of listening relevant to public speaking:

discriminative, comprehensive, analytical, empathetic and appreciative

discriminative listening

takes place when a person differentiates or discriminates between the sounds that are being received

Comprehensive listening

the receiver is focused on an accurate understanding of the speaker’s message

Empathetic listening

seek to demonstrate compassion for the speaker and understand how that person feels

Analytical listening

listening calls on the receiver to weigh the merit of the speaker’s message

Appreciative listening

focuses on the entertainment needs of the receiver

The tradition of study and instruction valued in US has been traced from

ancient greeks and romans

Study and instruction in public speaking:

characterized by a range of viewpoints about the importance of different parts of the speech process

The views of our ancestors varied on the importance

that should be assigned to the content of the message and the importance assigned to the delivery of a message

When evaluating a speaker/speech today you’ll likely emphasize:

The speaker’s delivery and less on speech organization, citations, relevance, and other content components

Mesopotamians

evolved the first public speaking tradition before the ancient greeks

Mesopotamians speeches

traced to approximately 2,700 B.C. and involved motivational addresses with the goal of preparing soldiers for battle

Ancient egyptians began to study public speaking in

systemized fashion

The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep

Dates to 2200 BC, earliest reference to public speaking and is known to be Egyptian wisdom literature

Ptah-Hotep viewed

Rhetoric as the principles that guide fine speech and cautioned that learning was essential prior to taking on the role of a public speaker.

Effective public speaking in ancient Egypt conformed to five major rules:

Effective speakers did not boast. Speakers should say no more than what is needed. Effective speakers do not bully or demean those of lower rank when speaking with them. A speaker who is under control will be viewed as more competent and knowledgeable. Speak when your ideas are well formed rather than engaging in speaking with no preparation

The chinesse developed ideas of

logic, morality, knowledge, and emphasized the role of public speaking in achieving social order and justice.

Confucius:

a Chinese scholar, teacher, and politician who played a key role in developing the public speaking tradition in China

Confucius’ ideas

a skillful orator should strive to bring about appropriate social order and social harmony.

The influence of the ancient Greeks on public speaking began

In Syracuse in the early fifth century B.C.E.

Corax and his pupils tisias

Ancient greek who is known for the first systematic formulation of principles for effective public speaking

465 B.C.E.

Year citizens of Syracuse overthrew the dictator and regained the ability to make claims for their property in court.

Gelon

Tyrant of Syracuse who had seized citizens' property and land.

Self representation in ancient Greece

Citizens had to represent themselves in court because lawyers were not allowed to plead their cases.

Rhetoric

The science of persuasion, the public speaking practices developed by Corax for court presentations.

Greek scholars

Aristotle, Protagoras, Gorgias, Isocrates, and Plato helped develop and organize the study of public speaking.

Greek scholars shared belief

Effective public speaking skills were essential for success in life.

Greek scholars speech making process

Could be broken into component parts and systematically studied to understand how each part works.

Aristotle

Most influential Greek scholar on public speaking and wrote rhetoric

Aristotle’s 3 divisions

Speaker, Audience, and Message.

Aristotle studied

how factors such as age, education, and financial status affect how listeners respond to a speech.

Isocrates

Greek scholar who made important contributions to speech delivery and speaking style.

Isocrates view of knowledge

People can never have complete knowledge, but they can develop informed opinions and reasonable actions.

Isocrates view of speeking

Speaking well showed that the speaker had a strong understanding of the topic.

Ornate speaking style

Isocrates advocated a distinctive, elaborate speaking style that later influenced Roman public speaking.

Roman adoption of greek rhetoric

Began in the late 2nd century B.C.; Romans initially resisted but eventually adopted Greek public speaking practices.

Public speeking in ancient rome

Seen as essential for success in public life.

Ancient Roman world view

Combined education, philosophy, citizenship, and oratory into one way of thinking.

“Good Man Speaking Well”

Ancient Rome belief that a good person should speak effectively in both public and private life.

Romans clarified and refined

the public speaking ideas developed by the Greeks.

Cicero

Most influential Roman scholar of public speaking; strongly influenced by Isocrates.

Cicero and Isocrates

Both emphasized the importance of an eloquent speaking style.

Cicero believed speakers should be able to

argue both sides of an issue because perfect knowledge is impossible.

For Cicero, the best speaker was also

the best person who used speaking skills to persuade others to live correctly.

Oratory

The art and skill of effective public speaking; highly valued in Roman society.

African Public Speaking

Speaking traditions can be traced back to ancient Egypt, with different traditions developing across African regions.

Caller

The person who initiates the public speaking event and speaks on behalf of the group rather than personal desires.

Chorus

Works with the Caller as part of the public speaking tradition.

African spiritual entities

Invoked by the Caller at the beginning of the speaking event, similar to invoking a supreme being.

Nommo

African belief connected to the moral character of the speaker; affects the speaker's credibility.

Responders

Audience members who participate in the speaking event.

African speaking goals

participants become united in taking action on solutions and focused on social or political questions affecting the group.

Native American public speaking

Public speaking traditions were often connected to advanced indigenous education and were an important part of social life.

Aztec education

Focused on astronomy, public speaking, philosophy, and religion, often taught in temples and opportunities were available to both rich and poor.

“Knowers of Speeches and Orations”

Native American term used to describe people considered experts in public speaking.

mayan and inca education

Curriculum emphasized religion, mathematics, public speaking, and military training.

Inca education access

primarily reserved for nobles.

In native america public speaking was

A central part of social life across Native American cultures and used during new king celebrations, births, weddings, and religious ceremonies.

3rd century renaissance

European scholars continued the Greek and Roman public speaking tradition with little change.

renaissance

Period when interest in public speaking increased, especially focusing on style and delivery.

Petrus Ramus

Scholar who viewed public speaking as primarily involving style and delivery.

Leonard Cox and Thomas Wilson

Scholars who continued studying both reasoning and delivery in public speaking.

US public speaking traditions are influenced by the

Greeks, Romans, and Europeans.

Message vs. Delivery Debate

Debate over whether what is said (message) or how it is presented (delivery) is more important.

Elocutionary Movement

Movement that focused on studying voice and body movement to determine the most natural and effective speaking style.

“New Science”

The elocutionists' goal of using systematic study to understand human behavior in public speaking.

Elocutionists

People who studied and taught voice, body movement, and delivery in public speaking.

Criticism of Elocutionists

Critics argued that their speaking style was unnatural, despite their goal of finding natural delivery.

Defined communication includes:

It is a process, involves the use of symbols, involves a sharing or exchanging of meanings

Intention

a difficult issue to resolve in definitions of communication

Goals of communication

functional objective, relational objective, and identity management

Functional Objection

the purposes we normally think about when we communicate: to inform, to persuade, to entertain, to regulate, or to inspire.

Relational Objective

Seeking to establish relationships with receivers when speaking

Identity Objective

Each speaker wishes to convey a particular identity and to have others accept that identity

Model

A simplified version of the real thing used to show its key parts and how they work together.

Visual representations

A visual way to show the different components of communication and how they interact.

Purpose of models

Help us understand communication and diagnose why communication may be ineffective.

SMCR model

Source, Message, Channel, Receiver, one of the oldest and simplest communication models.

David Berlo

Scholar and Michigan State University administrator who developed the SMCR/linear model.

Source

The person or entity that starts/sends the communication.

Message

The information or idea being communicated.

Channel

The method or medium used to communicate the message.

Receiver

The person or entity that receives the message.

Encoding

The process of creating a message to communicate an idea.

Decoding

The process of interpreting the meaning of a message.

SMCR model drawback

The original model does not include feedback, making it less useful for interactive communication.