Biology EOC Review - Cells and Genetics

Flashcards for reviewing Cells and Genetics concepts for the Biology EOC exam.

Homeostasis

The way your body or cells keep everything balanced and working right, like keeping the same temperature or water level inside.

Chloroplasts

Use sunlight to make food (glucose) during photosynthesis.

Mitochondria

Use that food to make energy (ATP) the cell can use.

Nucleus

Gives instructions (DNA) for how to make proteins.

Ribosomes

Read those instructions and build the proteins.

Central Vacuole

Holds water and pushes against the cell wall.

Cell Wall

Strong and keeps the plant cell from bursting.

Carbohydrates

Includes glucose, which is used by the mitochondria to produce ATP.

Nucleic Acids

Includes DNA and RNA, which are used to store and transmit genetic information.

Proteins

Includes enzymes, which are used to speed up chemical reactions.

Lipids

Makes the cell membrane selectively permeable.

Proteins

Consist of monomers called amino acids, which form short chains called peptides.

Nucleic Acids

Consist of monomers called nucleotides.

Proteins & Nucleic Acids

Contains the element nitrogen.

Nucleic Acids

Contains the element phosphorus.

Substrate

Binds to an enzyme at its active site.

Activation energy

Enzymes lower this needed to start a reaction. This makes the reaction happen faster.

Denature

Changes shape and can’t work anymore.

Passive Transport

Particles move from high to low, with the concentration gradient. Does not require ATP

Active Transport

Particles move from low to high, against the concentration gradient. Requires ATP

Simple Diffusion

Particles move freely across the membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Particles move through a protein channel.

Osmosis

Water moves across the membrane.

Protein Pump

Uses energy to move particles across the membrane.

Endocytosis

Cell takes in large materials.

Exocytosis

Cell pushes out large materials

Simple Diffusion

Moves straight through the membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses a protein channel to help.

Facilitated Diffusion

Doesn’t need energy and goes from high to low.

Active transport

Needs energy and goes from low to high.

Hypertonic

Cell: 20% salt, 80% water. Solution: 60% salt, 40% water. Water Moves Out.

Hypotonic

Cell: 60% salt, 40% water. Solution: 20% salt, 80% water. Water moves in.

Isotonic

Cell: 40% salt, 60% water. Solution: 40% salt, 60% water. No movement of water.

ATP

High energy molecule consisting of 3 phosphates. Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphate groups.

ADP

Lower energy molecule consisting of 2 phosphates. ATP is converted into this when a phosphate group is removed.

Interdependence of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are the reactants of cellular respiration. The products of cellular respiration (CO₂ and water) are the reactants of photosynthesis. They form a cycle that keeps energy and gases balanced in living things and the environment.

Mitosis

Results in the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Results in the formation of 4 genetically different daughter cells

Diploid cells

Contain 2n chromosomes, produced through the process mitosis and are somatic cells.

Haploid cells

Contain n chromosomes, produced through the process of meiosis and are gametes.

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm or egg). They are haploid (n) and have half the number of chromosomes.

Somatic cells

Body cells (like skin or muscle). They are diploid (2n) and have the full set of chromosomes.

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA → RNA → Protein

DNA replication

When a cell makes a copy of its DNA before it divides.

Semi-conservative process

Each new DNA strand has one old strand and one new strand.

DNA

Stores genetic information

mRNA

Copies DNA information and carries it to the ribosome

tRNA

Makes proteins by reading mRNA

Transcription

The process by which a cell makes a copy of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. This is the first step in making proteins.

Translation

The process where a cell uses the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) to build a protein by linking together amino acids in the correct order.

Causes of DNA mutations

Mistakes during replication or transcription, exposure to mutagens (chemicals, radiation, viruses, etc.)

Substitution (point mutation)

A nucleotide base is swapped out for another

Insertion (frameshift mutation)

A nucleotide base is added to a DNA sequence, causing the DNA sequence to shift

Deletion (frameshift mutation)

A nucleotide base is removed from a DNA sequence, causing the DNA sequence to shift

Frameshift mutations

Generally more harmful because they shift the entire sequence.

Nondisjunction

When chromosomes do not separate evenly during meiosis.

Trisomy

The gamete has an extra chromosome

Monosomy

The gamete has one less chromosome

Crossing Over

Homologous chromosomes (1 from mom, 1 from dad) swap genetic information before forming gametes.

Significance of Crossing Over

Ensures all gametes are genetically different from one another.

Law of Segregation

Offspring randomly inherit one allele from each parent.

Law of Independent Assortment

Traits are not inherited together. Hair color does not affect eye color.

Gene

A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular trait.

Allele

Different versions of a gene / “trait”. For ex: eye color, hair color, etc.

Homozygous

2 of the same allele for a given trait. For ex: AA, cc, MM, ss

Heterozygous

2 different alleles for a given trait. For ex: Aa, Cc, Mm, Ss

Genotype

The genetic makeup for a given trait.

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait.

Complete Dominance

1 trait is dominant, 1 trait is recessive.

Incomplete Dominance

2 traits are expressed partially; Black + White make Grey

Codominance

2 traits are expressed equally; Black + White make Black AND White