AP BIO

Eukaryotes

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae. Eukaryotes may be either single-celled or multicellular.

Prokaryotes

single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

Cell size

At 0.1 to 5.0 μm in diameter, prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells, which have diameters ranging from 10 to 100 μm.

plant cell

a eukaryotic cell enclosed by a cell wall, containing a membrane-bound nucleus and other cell organelles.

animal cell

e eukaryotic cells that have both a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. no cell wall

Ribosomes

small organelle involved in the process of making protein, which is called protein synthesis. handles translation, which is the second part of protein synthesis. Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.

Rough ER

produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function

Endomembrane system

group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Vacuoles

Membrane bound sacs that stores water, food, wastes, salts, and pigments

Lysosome

organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after its death.

Mitochondria

oval-shaped organelle found in the cells of almost all eukaryotic organisms. It produces energy, known as ATP, for the cell through a series of chemical reactions.

Chloroplast

(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

Integral proteins

channeling or transporting molecules across the membrane. Other integral proteins act as cell receptors.

peripheral proteins

Peripheral membrane proteins attach to the membrane but are not embedded in it. The peripheral membrane proteins function in support, communication, enzymes, and molecule transfer in the cell.

Structures embedded in Membrane structure

Phospholipids

a type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane. Lipids are molecules that include fats, waxes, and some vitamins, among others. Each phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol molecule.

Saturated fatty acids

a type of fatty acid that lacks unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms. Because of the lack of double bonds, this type of fatty acid can no longer absorb any more hydrogen; it is saturated.

Unsaturated Fatty acids

carbon chains contain one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group

Cholesterol & membrane system

Polysaccharides

long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a structural component of a plant cell.