exam 2 - consolidated acts/treaties study sheet

great peace of montreal:

Haudenosaunee enter French trade after much conflict

Thanadelthur significance:

broke thru homeguard Cree control of posts and established Denesoline in direct trade w posts

treaty of halifax:

peace and friendship treaty (no land mentioned) with the Mi’kmaq

treaty of utretch:

ends war in europe - transfers some of french NA to BNA

treaty of niagara:

led by Pontiac and the Delaware prophet (his brother), oral treaty written in wampum therefore unrecognized by Canadian gov.

treaty of paris:

ends 7 years war (french-english conflict) with result being the transfer of all french land to BNA

royal proclamation 1763:

only the crown may buy Indian lands, at a fair price and in a public meeting place

jay’s treaties:

FN may cross freely between USA/CA borders (recognized by USA but not CA)

southern ontario treaties:

straight up land purchases

selkirk treaty 1817:

signed w/Anishinaabe and Cree (NOT the métis), agreed not to disturb métis & to pay quit rent of tobacco to FN

robinson treaties 1850: (6)

• escalator-de-esclator clause - annuity can increase or decrease depending on FN population numbers (decrease if pop. declined to 2/3s) and gov. reserve revenues

• 1st time we see cash payments

• 1st time we see reserves set aside

• 1st to mention rights to fish/hunt/trap

• lands north of lakes huron and superior

• so the gov. can focus on resource extraction, particularly copper mines

1839 act: (4)

• to protect crown/FN lands

• established legislative trust

• protects FN land from squatters

• transfers FN lands to be held in trust for Indians by the crown

1850 act: (3)

• better protection of crown lands

• organizes indian dept.

• defines indian very broadly:

1. indian blood + in tribe

2. intermarried to 1. + living with them

3. those living in tribe with indian parents

4. infants adopted by FN + living w/them

1857 act: (4)

• gradual civilization of indians

• defines indian

• introduced enfranchisement

• sets up land cession treaties, reserves and indian agents, and schools

BNA act 1867: (4)

• creates the nation of canada, voting/parliament, confederation and constitution

• establishes trust between feds/FN

• gov. now has to act in best interest of FN

• divides federal and provincial government responsibilities

MB act: (2)

• section 31: 1.4 million acres to métis

• section 32: tickets for squatters (métis and otherwise) gave titles and assured lot holders would maintain their lots

treaty 3 terms: (7)

1. reserves 1sq. mi. per family of 5

2. $12 now, $5 annuity

3. chiefs $25 annuity, councillors $15

4. $1500 annually (for twine to make fishnets and for ammunition)

5. farming equipment

6. rights to hunt/trap/fish

7. schools + liquor ban

treaty 3 was amended in…. to include oral promises

1875

treaty 3 (1875) oral promises (8)

1. chiefs distinguished by dress

2. councillors (2 per chief) distinguished by dress

3. chiefs (- yellowquill) get a buggy

4. councillors (- those of yellowquill) get a buggy

5. bull/cow; boar/sow; male and female animals for each chief

6. plough and harrow for each chief

7. farm animals = gov. property (for indian use)

8. buggies = indian property

paypom treaty: (5)

additional promises for treaty 3 that were not included in the final agreement:

• orphans on reserves aged 2 and younger have the same rights as Indians

• gov. never asks FN for help in war

• rations provided annually during payment period

• gold/silver mines found by FN to be paid/compensated for their findings

indian act 1876: (7)

• seeks to control every aspect of FN lives

• “vanishing indian” (~30 years before indian extinction - failed)

• established hierarchical positions in indian department

• does NOT apply to Inuit

• indian defined: male of indian blood belonging to a band; their children & legal wife

• involuntary enfranchisement for university degrees and if a FN lived outside of Canada for 5+ years

• established band councils

indian act 1st revision: (5)

• 1951 - an act respecting indians

• redefines indian:

1. member of a band

2. male and direct descendant of male line (of a band)

3. legit child of said male

4. illegit child of female in band

5. wife/widow of indian male

• you are not FN if: you received metis scrip/descendant of, were enfranchised, or a woman whose husband wasn’t indian

• indian register created, registrar may add/delete names, FN can protest [+\-], when males are removed so too are wife/kids, women married to non indian men are removed, double mother rule (revoked status if mother and paternal grandmother got status via marriage)

• idea of location tickets (subdivides reserves into lots)

how many revisions to the indian act?

2 main ones occuring in 1951 and 1985 respectively

1894 indian act is amended to include what?

to make residential schools mandatory for FN children