Unit 2 Test: Chapter 11

Endocrine System

Which endocrine gland secretes neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior and posterior pituitary gland function

Hypothalamus

Which endocrine gland synthesizes ADH and oxytocin that are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

What makes up the adrenal glands?

Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex

Which adrenal gland makes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which mediates the figh-or-flight response?

Adrenal Medulla

Which adrenal gland makes aldosterone, which regulates Na+ and K+ balances; makes cortisol, and some androgens?

Adrenal Cortex

What is the function of cortisol?

Regulates growth, metabolism, development, immune function, and the response to stress.

What is the function of the androgens produced by the adrenal cortex?

Participation in reproduction

Which endocrine gland produces insulin-like growth factor 1 and secretes angiotensinogen?

Liver

What is the function of insulin like growth factor 1?

Controls growth of bones after being stimulated by GH

Why is the angiotensinogen secreted by the liver important?

It’s the precursor needed for angiotensin II

Function of angiotensin II?

Maintain blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction

Stimulate aldosterone secretion, helping regulate sodium and water balance

Which endocrine gland secretes erythropoietin, produces the active hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and secretes the enzyme renin?

Kidneys

Function of erythropoietin?

Regulates maturation of red blood cells

What is the function of the enzyme renin?

Begins the synthesis of the hormone angiotensin II

Which endocrine gland makes insulin?

Pancreas

What is the function of insulin?

Decreases blood glucose and glucagon by promoting its uptake into the cells

Which endocrine system express enzymes that are required to complete the synthesis of angiotensin II to help maintain normal blood pressure?

Blood Vessels

Which endocrine gland produces hormones that help regulate appetite and metabolic force?

Adipose Tissue

Which endocrine gland produces hormones with diverse actions related to metabolism, reproduction, growth, and more?

Anterior Pituitary Gland

What are some hormones the anterior pituitary gland releases?

ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, and TSH

Which endocrine gland stores and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone?

Posterior Pituitary Gland

What is the function of oxytocin?

Stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk secretion after birth

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin?

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Which endocrine gland makes melatonin which plays a role in circadian rhythmicity?

Pineal Gland

Which endocrine gland stimulates the production in the kidneys of the active form of vitamin D and makes parathyroid hormone?

Parathyroid Hormone

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

Increases blood Ca²⁺ levels by promoting bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and stimulating active vitamin D production.

Which endocrine gland makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin?

Thyroid Gland

What is the function of the thyroid hormone?

Regulates metabolic rate, growth, and differentiation

Which endocrine glands secrete numerous hormones to regulate pancreatic activity, facilitate digestion, and control appetite?

Stomach and small intestine

Which hormones do the stomach and small intestine release?

Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin

Which endocrine glands produce estrogens like estradiol and progesterone to control female reproduction?

Ovaries

Which endocrine glands produce androgens like testosterone to control male reproduction?

Testes

Which structural class of hormones derivates of the amino acid tyrosine?

Amine Hormones

Which hormones are considered amine hormones?

Thyroid hormone, catecholamines, and dopamine

What are catecholamines?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which structural class of hormones are primarily produced by the adrenal cortex, gonads, and placenta during pregnancy?

Steroid Hormones

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

Vitamin D is enzymatically converted in the body to activate ___

Steroid hormones

What are peptide and protein hormones?

Polypeptides

What is the difference between a peptide and a protein hormone?

Short polypeptides are called peptides, while longer polypeptides with tertiary structure are called proteins.

What are glycoprotein hormones?

Protein hormones that contain carbohydrates.

What are the structural classes of hormones?

Amine, steroid, and peptide and protein hormones

How are hormones removed from the blood?

By excretion or metabolic transformation (clearance)

What are the main organs responsible for hormone clearance?

The liver and kidneys

Where else can hormones be metabolized or broken down?

Target cells and enzymes in the blood and tissues.

Why are peptide hormones and catecholamines removed from the blood faster than steroid and thyroid hormones?

Because steroid and thyroid hormones are bound to plasma proteins protecting them unlike peptide hormones and catecholamines

Hormone concentration in the plasma depends on:

Its rate of secretion by the endocrine gland and its rate of removal from the blood

The rate of removal also depends partly on what?

Whether the hormone is bound to the plasma proteins.

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by?

Hyporesponsiveness of target cells to insulin

What are the main metabolic actions of thyroid hormone?

Increases metabolic rate, carbohydrate absorption, fatty acid release, and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity.

How does thyroid hormone affect energy use and body temperature?

Increases energy use and heat production (calorigenic effect), helping maintain normal body temperature and homeostasis.

Why does thyroid hormone have widespread effects throughout the body?

T3 receptors are found in the nuclei of most cells.

Stressors such as physical trauma, cold exposure, heavy/prolonged exercise, infection, shock, low oxygen, sleep deprivation, pain, and emotional stress stimulate which hormone?

Cortisol

What is the main function of cortisol?

Helps maintain blood pressure by having a permissive effect on epinephrine and norepinephrine, allowing blood vessels to respond to these hormones.

Which hormones control growth?

GH (growth hormone), IGF-1, T3, insulin, testosterone, and estradiol

Where is growth hormone secreted from and when is it most important?

Anterior Pituitary gland and it’s the most important growth-promoting hormone after age 1-2.

What does GH stimulate the liver to produce?

IGF-1.

What is the function of IGF-1 in growth?

Stimulates cell division and growth, including chondrocyte division in the epiphyseal growth plates, causing bone lengthening.

How does GH directly promote growth?

Through protein synthesis, helping tissues and organs grow.

How does thyroid hormone (T3) contribute to normal growth?

Facilitates GH synthesis and directly stimulates bone growth and chondrocyte differentiation.

Which hormone inhibits growth by inhibiting DNA synthesis, promoting protein breakdown, inhibiting bone growth, and reducing GH and IGF-1?

High cortisol

Which cells build bone by producing bone matrix, converting cartilage into new bone and are found on the surface of developing/new bone.

Osteoblasts

Which cells break down (resorb) bone and are found on the surface of bone where it is being restored?

Osteoclasts

Which mature bone cells maintains bone tissue and is found embedded within the bone matrix, in spaces called lacunae?

Osteocytes

Which part of the nervous system can stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones into the blood and send neural signals to endocrine cells

Autonomic nervous system

What is the outer portion of the adrenal gland called that produces steroid hormones?

Adrenal Cortex

What are the endocrine functions of the liver?

Produces IGF-1 in response to GH and produces angiotensinogen, a precursor needed to produce angiotensin II.

Which gland system is controlled largely by hormonal signals, especially ACTH from the anterior pituitary for cortisol secretion?

The Adrenal cortex

Main actions of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1?

Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone and stimulates the secretion of somatostatin