The respiratory system (Slides 1-23)

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

1. Nasal cavities

2. Pharynx

3. Larynx

4. Trachea

5. Bronchi

6. Bronchioles

7. Terminal bronchioles

What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

1. Respiratory bronchioles

2. Alveolar ducts

3. Alveoli

What is the entrance covered by skin from the nose of the nasal vestibule?

1. Sweat glands

2. Sebaceous glands

3. Coarse and moist vibrissae

What is the deeper in the vestibule of the nasal vestibule?

1. Respiratory epithelium (no keratin)

2. No sweat or sebaceous glands

3. Continues into the nasal cavity

What is the epithelial lining of the nasal cavity?

1. Respiratory epithelium

2. Roof of cavity and superior nasal conchae:

Specialized olfactory epithelium

What is the lamina propria (loose connective tissue) of the nasal cavity?

1. Loops of capillaries close to epithelium. Blood flows opposed to flow of inspired air

2. Seromucous glands

3. Plasma cells (IgA)

What is the respiratory epithelium?

1. Mucous lining of Most of nasal cavity and Organs of conducting portion.

2. Ciliated pseudostratified

columnar epithelium

3. Very thick basement membrane

4. Supported by lamina propria

What are the ciliated columnar cells of the respiratory epithelium?

Most numerous with 200-300 cilia on apical domain

What are the goblet cells of the respiratory epithelium?

Numerous. Predominate in some areas. Basal nuclei and apical granules with mucin

glycoproteins

What are the brush cells of the respiratory epithelium?

Much less numerous. Columnar. Few apical microvilli. Act as chemosensory

receptors

What are the small granule (Kulchitsky) cells of the respiratory epithelium?

Difficult to see. Numerous dense core granules. Part of the DNES. Do not reach

apical surface

What are the basal cells of the respiratory epithelium?

Stem and progenitor cells population. Active mitotic activity. Do not reach the apical

surface

In the Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium of the olfactory epithelium, what are the three major types of cells?

1. Olfactory neurons

2. Supporting cell

3. Basal cells

In the Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium of the olfactory epithelium, what is the lamina propria?

1. Loose CT

2. Nerve fibers

3. Olfactory glands (of Bowman)

4. Serous gland producing

flowing fluid that surrounds

the cilia of olfactory neurons

What are the olfactory neurons of the olfactory epithelium?

1. Bipolar neurons

2. Nuclei organized in an irregular, central row

3. Apical pole is the dendritic end

4. Knoblike swelling with a dozen basal bodies

5. Cilia extend from basal bodies into aqueous layer

6. Axons leave epithelium and enter the cribriform plate of ethmoid

bone

what are the supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium?

1. Columnar cells

2. Narrow base

3. Broad cylindrical apex with the nuclei

4. Bound to olfactory neurons by junctional complexes

5. Cell membrane with abundant ion channels

What are the Basal cells of the olfactory epithelium?

1. Small, spherical or cone-shaped

2. Near basal lamina

3. Stem cells

olfactory mucosa

What are the paranasal sinuses?

1. Bilateral bone cavities

2. Open into nasal cavity

3. Lined by thin respiratory epithelium with few goblet cells

What is the lamina propria of the paranasal sinuses?

1. Few small glands

2. Continuous with periosteum

What is the nasopharynx of the pharynx?

1. Uppermost (first) portion

2. Communicates with nasal cavity

3. Respiratory epithelium

4. Mucosa contains the pharyngeal tonsil

5. Openings of the auditory tubes

What is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx of the pharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is the larynx?

Rigid walls reinforced by cartilages linked by ligaments (dense regular

connective tissue) and moved by skeletal muscle

What are the two kinds of cartilage does the larynx contain?

1. Hyaline cartilage

2. Elastic cartilage

Thyroid, Cricoid, and Inferior arytenoids are made up of what kinda of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoids are made up of what kind of cartilage?

Elastic cartilage

What is the epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa

What is the upper (lingual) surface of the epiglottis?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis?

Transition to ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

What is the lamina propria of the epiglottis?

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Mucous and serous glands

What are the vestibular folds?

1. Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule

2. Partially covered by respiratory epithelium

3. Lamina propria with seromucous glands and some lymphoid nodules

What are vocal folds?

1. Below a ventricle found

beneath the vestibular folds

2. Covered with non-keratinized

stratified squamous epithelium

3. Dense regular CT (vocal

ligament) supports free end of

vocal fold

4. Large bundles of skeletal

muscle deep to mucosa

What does the trachea contain?

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. About a dozen of C-shaped hyaline cartilages

4. Adventitia (Dense CT)

What is the mucosa of the trachea?

1. Respiratory epithelium

2. Lamina propria of loose CT rich in

elastic fibers

3. Numerous seromucous glands

What is the submucosa of the trachea?

1. Loose CT (slightly denser than LP)

2. Blood vessels

3. Seromucous glands (continuous

with those of the LP)

4. Nerve tissue

What are the main cells of the tracheal epithelium?

1. Columnar ciliated epithelial cells

2. Goblet (mucous) cells

3. Basal cells

4. Brush cells and small (Kultchisky )

granular cells are less numerous

What are the ciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium?

1. Most abundant

2. Full thickness of epithelium

3. Cilia: short hair-like projections of the apical

surface

4. Function as mucociliary escalator

What are the mucous (goblet) cells of the tracheal epithelium?

1. Interspersed between ciliated cells

2. Full thickness of epithelium

3. Apical granules with mucin

4. Lack cilia

What are the brush cells of the tracheal epithelium?

1. Similar to those in the nasal epithelium

2. Basal cells and Kultchisky cells as in the nasal

respiratory epithelium

What is the lamina propria?

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Very cellular includes lymphocytes

3. Diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue

(MALT or more specifically, BALT)

4. Collagen and elastic fibers

5. EF are more extensive between the LP

and submucosa

What are the cells of the lamina propria?

1. Fibroblasts

2. Plasma cells

3. Eosinophils

4. Mast cells

What is the submucosa?

1. Slightly denser, loose CT (compared

to LP)

2. In other organs it is dense CT

3. BALT (diffuse and nodular)

4. Large distributing blood and

lymphatic vessels

5. Serous and mixed glands (mucous

acini with serous demilunes) also

present

What kind of mucous does the submucosal glands secrete?

mostly mucous