NSBH Final

Folk psychology

stimulus —> perception —> emotion —> autonomic arousal

James-Lange theory

stimulus —> perception —> autonomic arousal —> emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

stimulus —> perception —> autonomic arousal AND emotion simultaneously

Schachter and Singer theory

stimulus —> perception —> autonomic arousal —> cognitive appraisal of context —> attribution of emotion

superficial

facial muscles which mostly attach only between different points of facial skin, so when they contract, they change the shape of the mouth, eyes, or nose

deep

facial muscles which attach to bone and produce larger scale movements such as chewing

facial nerve

innervates the superficial muscles of facial expression

trigeminal nerve

innervates muscles that move the jaw

facial feedback hypothesis

suggests that sensory feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood

nucleus accumbens

A region of the forebrain that receives dopaminergic innervation from the ventral tegmental area, often associated with reward and pleasurable sensations

decorticate rage

Also called sham rage. Sudden intense rage characterized by actions (such as snarling and biting in dogs) that lack clear direction, follows the removal of the cortex

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety, frequent inappropriate sexual behavior

ventromedial hypothalamus

serves as a trigger to activate aggressive behavior

temporal

Aggression is sometimes associated with disorders of what lobe?

epinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the release of what in regards to stress?

cortisol

The HPA axis is responsible for the release of what in regards to stress?

epigenetic regulation

Changes in gene expression that are due to environmental effects rather than to changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

hypofrontality hypothesis

The idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes.

Blocking D2 receptors

How do first generation antipsychotic drugs work?

dopamine hypothesis

The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

second-generation antipsychotics

An antipsychotic drug that has primary actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the first-generation antipsychotics

NMDA

PCP is a receptor antagonist to what? (it prevents glutamate from having its usual effects)

glutamate hypothesis

The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptor

MAO inhibitors

Inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

tricyclics

Inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine

SSRIs

Block the reuptake of serotonin, having little effect on norepinephrine or dopamine synapses

2nd gen antidepressants

Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs), serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs), opioid receptor modulators, ketamine

benzodiazepines

Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are noncompetitive agonists of GABAA receptors in the central nervous system (reduce the excitability of postsynaptic neurons)

OCD drugs

They share the ability to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at serotonergic synapses, thereby increasing the synaptic availability of serotonin.

tourette’s

differences in the dopaminergic system, especially in the basal ganglia may be important

pulvinar

important for the orienting and shifting of attention, useful for filtering out distractions

frontal eye field

(top-down) helps ignore distractors

hemispatial neglect

Failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body.

Balint’s syndrome

A disorder, caused by damage to both parietal lobes, that is characterized by difficulty in steering visual gaze (oculomotor apraxia), in accurately reaching for objects using visual guidance (optic ataxia), and in directing attention to more than one object or feature at a time (simultagnosia).

medial amygdala

analyzes olfactory and pheromonal information

chlorpromazine

treats positive symptoms of schizophrenia

haloperidol

eventually replaced chlorpromazine in treatment of schizophrenia

clozapine

2nd generation antipsychotic which blocks the 5-HT_2A serotonin receptors

OCD

this disorder causes increased metabolic rates in the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nuclei

haloperidol

treatment for Tourette’s