Ch. 1 Intro to Biology

Biology

_____ is the science that studies life.

Virology

_____ is the study of viruses.

8 Characteristics

Traits defining living organisms:

1. Order: structured organization.

2. Sensitivity: response to stimuli.

3. Reproduction: producing offspring.

4. Adaptation: survival adjustments.

5. Growth & Development: cellular progression.

6. Homeostasis: maintaining internal stability.

7. Energy Processing: utilizing energy.

8. Evolution: change in traits over generations.

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms that consist of millions of individual cells.

Multicellular Organisms

Have cells that can be specialized to perform specific functions and even be sacrificed in certain situations for the good of the organism as a whole.

Stimuli

Organisms interact with _____.

Positive Response

Movement towards stimulus is a _____.

Negative Response

Movement away from a stimulus is a _____.

Response to Stimuli

Bacteria moving toward chemicals or a plant bending toward light is an example of _____.

Duplicating their DNA

Single-celled organisms reproduce by first _____.

DNA

Genetic Material

Offspring

During reproduction, DNA containing genes is passed along to an organism’s _____.

Adaptation

_____ is the “fit” to an organism’s environment & consequence of evolution by natural selection.

Adaptations

______ enhances the reproductive potential of the individual exhibiting them.

Adaptations

_____ are not constant.

Genes

Organisms grow & develop according to specific instructions coded by their _____.

Growth & Development

Genes provide instructions that will direct cellular _______, ensuring that species’ young will grow to exhibit many of the same characteristics as its parents.

Regulatory Mechanisms

1.Transport of Nutrients

2.Response to Stimuli

3.Coping with Environmental Stresses

Homeostasis

_____ is means “Steady State”

Homeostasis

______ is the stable internal environment required to maintain life.

Homeostasis

Digestive & circulatory systems perform specific functions like carrying o9xygen throughout the body, removing wastes, delivering nutrients to every cell, and cooling the body is an example of _____.

Cells

_____ require appropriate conditions such as proper temperature, pH, and concentrations of diverse chemicals.

Homestatic

Organisms are able to maintain _____ internal conditions within a narrow range almost constantly.

Thermoregulation

Organisms regulate their body temperature in a process known as _____.

Metabolic

All organisms use a source of energy for their ______ activities.

Energy Processing

Organisms capturing energy from the sun and converting it into chemical energy for food or using chemical energy from molecules they take in are examples of ______.

Evolution

Mutations that allow the possibility for organisms to adapt to a changing environment is an example of _____.

Atom

_____ is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Nucleus

The atom consists of a ______ surrounded by electrons.

Molecules

Atoms form ______.

Molecule

A ______ is a chemical structure consisting of at least 2 atoms held together by a chemical bond.

Macromolecules

______ are large molecules that are typically formed by combining smaller units called monomers.

Monomers

_____ are the smaller units that combine to help form a macromolecule.

Deoxyribonucleic ( DNA)

______ is an example of a macromolecule.

Organelles

______ are small structures that exists within cells and

Organelles

Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called ______.

Cells

Alll living things are made of _____.

Cell

The _____ is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Cells

Viruses are not considered ling because they are not made up of _____.

Viruses

To make new _____, they have to invade or hijack a living cell in order to obtain the materials they need to reproduce.

Cells

_____ are classified as Prokaryotes or Eukaryotic.

Prokaryotes

______ are single-celled organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do not have nuclei surrounded by the nuclear membranes.

Eukaryotes

_____ are the type of cells that do have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.

Tissues

Cells combine to make ______.

Tissues

_____ are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function.

Organs

_____ are collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function.

Organ System

An ______ is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

Organisms

_____ are individual living entities.

Atom

A basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons is called an _____.

Molecule

A phospholipid, composed of many atoms is called a _____.

Organelles

Structures that perform functions within a cell are called _____

Biosphere

The _____, encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth.

Population

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area are collectively called a _____.

Community

A _____ is the set of populations inhabiting a particular area.

Ecosystem

______ consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or non-living, parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rainwater.

Biosphere

______ is at the highest level of organization.

Biosphere

______ is the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on Earth including land, water, and portions of the atmosphere.

Evolution

The process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species is called _____.

8

There are _____ levels are in the current taxonomic system.

Taxonomic System

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, and domain are all levels of the _____.

3

Scientists now recognize _____ domains of life.

Domains of Life

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria are known as the _____.

Eukarya

The domain _____ contains organisms that have cells with nuclei.

Archaea

The domain _____ are single-celled organisms without a nucleus and include many extremophiles that live in harsh environments like hot springs.

Bacteria

The domain_____ are a different group of single-celled organisms without nuclei.

Prokaryotes

Both Archaea & Bacteria are _____.