Wave and Energy

mechanical and electromagnetic waves

Waves are classified as ____ [2].They either move in circular or straight motion.

• Transverse wave

• Longitudinal wave

Types of Waves [2]

Transverse wave

[Types of Waves] Movement of the particles of the medium are perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion

Longitudinal wave

[Types of Waves] Movement is parallel to the direction of the wave

Wavelength

____ - refer to the Distance between two corresponding points on a wave train.

Wave Frequency

____ - is Expressed in hertz which corresponds to the number of times the wave source completes a vibration in one second.

Wave Frequency

____ - corresponds to the number of times the wave source completes a vibration in one second

Period

____- refer to the time it take the wave source to make one complete vibration

Period

____ - is the reciprocal of frequency

Amplitude

____ - is the highest or lowest displacement from a wave’s equilibrium position

Increase in amplitude

[Increase/ Decrease] ____ in amplitude causes a transfer of more energy

Speed

____ - is directly proportional to frequency and wavelength

Speed is directly proportional to frequency

Speed ___ [directly /inversely proportional] to frequency ?

Speed is directly proportional to wavelength

Speed ___ [directly /inversely proportional] to wavelength?

Doppler Effect

_____ - occur when the speed of the wave is greater than the speed of the source.

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Sound Waves

Light

Sound vs. Light

• Light Waves

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Longitudinal

Light

Sound vs. Light

• Transverse

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Mechanical

Light

Sound vs. Light

• Electromagnetic

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Propagated (spread) through a medium

Light

Sound vs. Light

• Can be propagated (spread) without a medium (vacuum)

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Gas (slowest)

Light

Sound vs. Light

• ____ - In Gas (fastest)

Sound and Light

Sound vs. Light

• Liquid

Light

Sound vs. Light

• Solid(slowest)

Sound

Sound vs. Light

• Solid (fastest)

• Intensity

• Pitch

Characteristics of Sound Waves [2]

Intensity

[Characteristics of Sound Waves]

• loudness (amplitude/strength)

Pitch

[Characteristics of Sound Waves]

• Highness or lowness of sound (frequency)

White light

_____ is not a color rather it is the presence of all frequencies of visible ligh

Black

____ is the absence of the visible light spectrum

• White

• Black

____ - is capable of reflecting all visible light spectrum and ___ is capable of absorbing all visible light spectrum and converted it to heat energy.

another color will be produced

When the colors of light with varying degrees of intensity are mixed/added, _____will be produced.

1. Red (R)

2. Blue (B)

3. Green (G)

Primary Colors of Light [3]

1. Yellow (Y) = R + G

2. Cyan (C) = B + G

3. Magenta (M) = B + R

Secondary Colors of Light

Yellow (Y)

Red + Green = ___ ?

Cyan (C)

Blue + Green = ___ ?

Magenta (M)

Blue + Red = ___ ?

White

Red + Blue+ Green = _____ ?

White light

_____ light can also be formed when the three primary colors with same intensity are added.

• Red + Cyan

• Green + Magenta

• Blue + Yellow

Complementary Colors of Light [3]

White

Red + Cyan =____?

White

Green + Magenta____ ?

White

Blue + Yellow ____ ?

light which reflects off or transmits through the object.

The color of objects is not in the object but rather in the____ the object.

color subtraction

"In ____, the final color of an object is found by starting with one color (or a mix of colors) and seeing which colors are taken away from the original."

The object absorbs Blue under White light (which contains R+G+B).
Result: Yellow (Y) appears because blue is canceled (turned to heat), leaving red + green.

Explain: White Light (W) Minus Blue (B):

W−B =(R+G+B)−B

=R+G=Y

The object tries to absorb Blue under Red light (which has no blue to subtract).
Result: Red (R) appears because no blue is present to cancel.

Explain: Red Light (R) Minus Blue (B):

R−B=R

The object absorbs Blue under Magenta light (which is R+B).
Result: Red (R) appears because blue is canceled (turned to heat), leaving red.

Explain: Magenta Light (M) Minus Blue (B)

M−B= (R+B)−B =R

Law of Reflection

_____ - states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.”

normal line

Law of Reflection

• The ____ is always drawn perpendicular with the reflecting surface

normal line

Law of Reflection

• Angle of incidence and reflection is measured from the _____

multiple images will be formed

When light hits reflecting surfaces several times, ____ will be formed

number of images formed increases

If the angle between two reflecting surfaces such as mirror decreases, the number of images formed ____ [increases/decreases]

bends(refract)

Light____ when it travels obliquely from one transparent medium to another

toward or away from the normal

Light is bent ____ as it changes its speed when traveling through different optical media.

index of refraction (optical density)

A measure of how fast or slow light travels from one medium to another is called the _____ ?

optical density

index of refraction is aka ____ ?

Index of refraction

_____ -is a dimensionless quantity, and its value is always greater or equal to 1 since light travels fastest in a vacuum than any other media.

vacuum

Light travels fastest in a_____ than any other media.

light bends away

When the first medium has greater index of refraction than the second medium,light ____[bends away/bends toward] from the normal.

light bend toward

If medium 2 is denser than medium 1, light ____[bends away/bends toward] the normal

Snell’s law

____ -is the basic law of refraction that shows the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction

• refracted ray travels slower than the than the incident ray (entering a denser medium)

• When Angle of incidence(θi)>Angle of refraction (θR) ​: The refracted ray travels____ [faster/slower] than the incident ray (entering a denser medium)

• The refracted ray travels faster than the incident ray (entering a less dense medium

• When Angle of incidence(θi)<Angle of refraction (θR) ​: The refracted ray travels_____[faster/slower] than the incident ray (entering a less dense medium

C

When light passes from air into glass, it slows down and bends toward the normal. When it exits from glass back into air, it speeds up and bends away from the normal.

Which of the diagrams shown below could represent the path of light ray through a glass block in the air?

Interference

____ -of wave is the meeting or superimposing (combine) of one wave on another wave.

Interference

_____ occurs when two or more light waves meet and combine (superimpose).

• Constructive Interference

• Destructive Interference

Types of Interference [2]

Constructive Interference

[Types of Interference ]

• When: Waves arrive in phase (crest aligns with crest, trough aligns with trough

Constructive Interference

[Types of Interference ]

• Result: Waves reinforce each other, creating a supercrest (brighter light) or supertrough.

Destructive Interference

[Types of Interference ]

• Waves arrive opposite phase (crest meets trough with the same amplitude).

Destructive Interference

[Types of Interference ]

• Result: Waves cancel each other, leading to no light (darkness).

reversed

Reflection in Plane Mirrors

• The image is____ [reversed/the same] in a plane mirror.

virtual image is of the same size as the object in front of the mirror.

Reflection in Plane Mirrors

• The virtual image is

  • _____ - [Same/greater] size as the object in front of the mirror

virtual or real image

The image may be _____or ____ depending on the type of curved mirror used (concave or convex) and object’s position.

• Concave Mirror

• Convex Mirror

Type of Curved Mirror [2]

Concave Mirror

[Type of Curved Mirror] Can produce real or virtual images, depending on the object's position.

Convex Mirror

[Type of Curved Mirror] Always forms a virtual, diminished image (smaller image)

Concave Mirror

[Type of Curved Mirror] moving the object changes the image (real/virtual, enlarged/reduced).

• Diverging Mirror

• Diverging Lens

[Classify What Lens and Mirrors]

• Image Type: Virtual

• Orientation: Upright

• Size: Reduced

• Converging Mirror

• Converging Lens

[Classify What Lens and Mirrors]

• Orientation: Upright

• Size: Enlarged (when object is close to mirror)

• Real Images (depending on object distance):

  1. Real, Inverted, Enlarged

  2. Real, Inverted, Same size

  3. Real, Inverted, Reduced

Convex Mirror

Diverging Mirror is aka ___ ?

Concave Lens

Diverging Lens is aka ___ ?

Concave Mirror

Converging Mirror ____ ?

Convex Lens

Converging Lens is aka ___ ?

focal point (F)

When object is placed at an infinite distance, image is at _____

infinity

When object is at focal point (F), the image is at ______ . It will be perceived as a point in space.

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

[Classify What Eye Defect] ____ - is the inability to see nearby objects clearly.

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

[Classify What Eye Defect] ____ - is the inability to see far objects clearly

[Classify What Eye Defect] Cause: Image forms behind the retina

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

[Classify What Eye Defect]

Correction:

• Lens Type: Converging lens (convex)

• How It Works:

  1. Increases refraction of incoming light rays

  2. Bends rays more toward the principal axis

  3. Shifts focus forward onto the retina

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

[Classify What Eye Defect]

• Cause: Image forms in front of the retina

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

[Classify What Eye Defect]

• Lens Type: Diverging lens (concave)

• How It Works:

  1. Spreads out incoming light rays

  2. Bends rays more toward the principal axis

  3. Shifts focus backward onto the retina

Myopia

Nearsightedness is aka __ ?

Hyperopia

Farsightedness is aka __ ?

Mirror or Lens Equation

It is an equation relating object distance and image distance with focal length.

Object Distance (𝑑ₒ)

In a spherical mirror or lens:

• ____ - is the distance from the object to the pole (center) of the mirror/lens.