AP GOV unit three test review

What rights does the First Amendment cover?

The First Amendment covers the rights to freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

What is the difference between the Free Exercise and Establishment clauses?

The Free Exercise clause protects individuals' rights to practice their religion, while the Establishment clause prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or unduly favoring one religion over another.

What types of speech are protected by the First Amendment?

Protected speech includes political speech and symbolic speech; unprotected speech includes obscenity, defamation, and incitement to violence.

What circumstances may limit your right to peaceably assemble?

Your right to assemble may be limited by time, place, and manner restrictions set by the government.

What is prior restraint, and what is the Supreme Court's opinion on it?

Prior restraint refers to government action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place; the Supreme Court generally views it as unconstitutional, except in extreme circumstances.

What is selective incorporation?

Selective incorporation is the legal doctrine by which certain protections in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

What court case started selective incorporation?

The court case that started selective incorporation is Gitlow v. New York (1925).

What is the exclusionary rule?

The exclusionary rule prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights from being used in court.

What amendments are related to the protections offered to the accused?

The protections offered to the accused are found in the 5th (protection against self-incrimination, double jeopardy) and 6th (right to a fair trial, right to counsel) Amendments.

What was the most effective method civil rights leaders used to fight for equal rights?

Civil rights leaders effectively used nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to advocate for equal rights.

What was the effect of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans, resulting in increased voter registration and participation.

What was the effect of Title IX?

Title IX aimed to prevent gender discrimination in educational programs and activities, leading to increased female participation in sports and academia.

What is affirmative action?

Affirmative action refers to policies that aim to increase opportunities for historically underrepresented groups in education and employment.

What has the court ruled on affirmative action in college admissions?

The court has upheld affirmative action in college admissions under certain circumstances, emphasizing that race can be one of many factors considered.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919)?

The ruling established that speech that creates a 'clear and present danger' is not protected under the First Amendment.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)?

The ruling affirmed that students have free speech rights in schools, as long as it does not disrupt educational activities.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971)?

The ruling limited prior restraint and affirmed the freedom of the press.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)?

The ruling found that Amish families could not be required to send their children to public schools due to religious beliefs.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Engel v. Vitale (1962)?

The ruling held that voluntary, non-denominational prayer in schools violates the Establishment Clause.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)?

The ruling guaranteed the right to counsel for defendants in all states.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The ruling established that segregated schools are inherently unequal and unconstitutional.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Baker v. Carr (1961)?

The ruling allowed federal courts to review state redistricting, establishing the 'one person, one vote' principle.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993)?

The ruling held that gerrymandering cannot be based primarily on race.

What was the Supreme Court ruling in McDonald v. Chicago (2010)?

The ruling incorporated the Second Amendment right to bear arms through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.