Genetic Engineering Techniques

artificial selection

breeders choose organism to mate to produce offspring with desired traits; has three types

selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding

the three types of artificial selection

selective breeding

when animals with desired traits are mated to produce offspring with those desired traits; passing of important genes to the next generation

selective breeding

champion race horses, cows with tender meat

hybridization

two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms

hybridization

liger (lion+tiger), grapple (grape + apple)

inbreeding

breeding of organism that is genetically similar to maintain desired traits

inbreeding

dog breeds are kept pure this way

variation

the difference of individuals in species, different within the same species

cloning

creating an organism that is the exact genetic copy, have the same exact DNA as the parent and is a form of asexual reproduction

clone

a group of cells or organisms that are genetically identical as a result of asexual reproduction

gene splicing

DNA is cut out of one organisms and put into another organism; a trait will be transferred from one organism to another

gene splicing

A trait will be transferred from one organism to another.

gene splicing

• For example: the human insulin gene can be removed from a human cell.

• It can be put into a bacterial cell.

• The bacterial will now make human insulin.

transformation

when a gene from one organism is transferred to a different organism

transgenic organism

organisms that have DNA transferred to them

transgenic animals

transgenic cows, spider goat, glow-in-the-dark cat

transgenic bacteria

insulin and clotting factors made by bacteria

transgenic plants

transgenic corn, venomous cabbage, banana vaccines

gene therapy

when disease causing genes are cut out and good genes are inserted; restriction enzymes are used to cut out bad genes

gel electrophoresis

a technique used to compare DNA from two or more organisms; used to find a baby's father, who committed a crime, hoe closely related species are

artificial selection

• They cannot control what genes are passed.

• When they get offspring with the desired traits, they maintain them.

selective breeding

• Passing of important genes to next generation.

• Example: Champion race horses, cows with tender meat, large juicy oranges on a tree.

selective breeding

occurs when you choose the best male and female to breed

selective breeding

Angus cows are bred to increase muscle mass so that we get more meat,

selective breeding

Egg-Laying Henproduces more eggs than the average hen

Luther Burbank

He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that had a large food producing capacity.

restriction enzyme

enzyme that cuts the DNA at a specific code.

A restriction enzyme cuts the insulin gene out of the human DNA.

How is gene splicing done? 1.

A plasmid is removed from a bacteria and cut with a restriction enzyme

How is gene splicing done? 2.

The human gene is placed into the bacteria plasmid.

How is gene splicing done? 3.

The plasmid is placed back into the bacteria.

How is gene splicing done? 4.