Intro to Inflammation

What is inflammation?

The reaction of living, vascularized tissues to injury

For a tissue to be inflamed, it MUST be:

alive

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

What are examples of exogenous inflammatory stimuli?

infections (bacterial, viral, etc), trauma, physical agents (radiation, thermal, etc), foreign bodies

What are examples of endogenous inflammatory stimuli?

tissue necrosis (DAMPs) and auto-antibodies

What are the sequential events of inflammation?

recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, repair

What is a morphologic diagnostic (MDx)?

a concise interpretative summary of findings described during examination of a lesion

What is minimal severity?

barely discernable histologically

What is mild severity?

little to no tissue destruction and little cellular exudate; grossly detectable if reddened or swollen

What is moderate severity?

some tissue damage, usually grossly visible; cellular exudation and vascular reaction easily detectable histologically

What is marked (severe) severity?

considerable tissue damage and extensive cellular exudation; easily detected grossly

What level of severity is shown?

minimal

What level of severity is shown?

mild

What level of severity is shown?

moderate

What level of severity is shown?

marked (severe)

How long is peracute?

first few hours

How long is acute?

hours to 3-5 days

How long is subacute?

~3-14 days

What is chronic?

7-14 days to resolution

What is focal distribution?

single, discrete lesion surrounded by normal tissue

What is multifocal distribution?

multiple, scattered to numerous focal lesions - may coalesce

What is locally extensive distribution?

large portion, but not entire organ is involved

What is segmental distribution?

lengthwise portion of tubular organ is involved, flanked by normal

What is diffuse distribution?

the entire organ is involved

What type of distribution is shown?

focal

What type of distribution is shown?

multifocal

What type of distribution is shown?

locally extensive

What type of distribution is shown?

segmental

What type of distribution is shown?

diffuse

What are the types of acute inflammation?

serous, fibrinous, suppurative

What are the types of subacute inflammation?

lymphocytic

What are the types of chronic inflammation?

granulomatous

What is exudate?

fluid with cells, proteins, debris, that leaks from blood vessels

What type of exudate is shown?

serous

What type of exudate is shown?

fibrinous

What type of exudate is shown?

necrotizing/pseudomembranous

What type of exudate is shown?

suppurative (purulent)

What is the predominant cell type in suppurative inflammation?

neutrophils

What is the predominant cell type in granulomatous inflammation?

histiocytes → macrophages

What is lymphocytic inflammation?

pigment is killed by lymphocytes

What is granulomatous inflammation?

clustered immune cells form nodules called granulomas