Radiology Exam 1

x-ray source

component that produces x-rays for imaging.

incisive canal

what is 3

superior foramen of incisive canal

what is 4

inferior meatus

what is 1

nose

what is 1

image receptor

component that receives/detects X rays

Image display

Device used to visualize and interpret radiographic images.

attenuation

reduction in x-ray beam intensity as it travels through anatomy, thicker and denser= more attenuation

radiolucent

less attenuating, describes materials that allow X-rays to pass through with little resistance

radiopaque

more attenuating, describes materials that do not allow X-rays to pass through easily, appearing white on radiographic images.

optical density

degree of darkening or opacity of an exposed film

contrast

range of densities between the darkest and lightest areas on a radiographic image, affecting visibility of structures

right

which picture is high contrast

location of x-ray sensor

what is the difference between intraoral and extraoral dental radiography

sharpness

measures how well boundary between two differing radiodensity areas is defined

spatial resolution

measures how well an image reveals small objects that are close together

magnification

increase in size of object on image compared to actual size of object

size distortion

difference between object size on image and actual object size

shape distortion

difference in appearance of an object shape on image compared to actual object shape

long source-receptor distance

source receptor distance that reduces magnification and improves image detail.

small

a object- receptor distance that decreases magnification and increases image detail.

receptor parallel to long axis of object

receptor position that minimizes distortion and optimizes image quality

central beam perpendicular to object and receptor

alignment of x-ray beam that ensures minimal distortion and optimal image quality

small

size of focal spot that DECREASES distortion and magnification

focal spot

area on the target of x-ray tube where x-rays are produced

penumbra/geometric unsharpness

the partial shadow or distortion at the edges of an x-ray image caused by the size of the focal spot

foreshortening

image shorter than true object

object not parallel to receptor, central ray not perpendicular to OBJECT

what can cause foreshortening

elongation

image longer than true object

object not parallel to receptor, central ray not perpendicular to RECEPTOR

what can cause elongation

periapical

show entire length of tooth and surrounding periapical bone

bitewing

show only crowns and adjacent alveolar crests

occlusal

show area of teeth and bone larger than periapical images

full mouth series (FMX)

a comprehensive set of dental radiographs that captures the complete view of all teeth and surrounding structures, typically including periapical and bitewing images.

position indicating device

attached to tube head to direct x-ray beam

receptor

detects/records x-rays

paralleling (preferred) and bisecting angle

techniques for periapical x-ray

paralleling technique

A radiographic technique in which the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, MORE ACCURATE

bisecting technique

distortion more likely than with paralleling, positioned parallel to imaginary bisecting angle between tooth and receptor

vertical angulation

angle between x-ray beam and line parallel to floor/occlusal plane, significant influence of DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY

positive angulation

angulation where cone points DOWNWARD

negative angulation

angulation where cone points UPWARD

elongation

what does a vertical angle that is too SMALL cause (under-angulation)

foreshortening

what does a vertical angle that is too LARGE cause (over-angulation)

FDA approved

what is a requirement of x-ray devices to ensure that the devices meet safety and effectiveness standards

horizontal and perpendicular to operator

positioning of handheld device to ensure operator safety

lamina dura

what is indicated by the arrows

eggshell effect

x-rays are more attenuated at the curves of a bony structure than those traveling at right angles to surface

alveolar crest

what is indicated by the arrows

PDL space

what is the DARK LINE indicated by the arrows

root shape

what leads to appearance of double PDL space as shown in the image

anatomic superimposition

why aren’t buccal and lingual cortices distinguishable on BWs and PAs?

dental papilla

what is indicated by the arrow: structure that forms dentin and pulp

cervical burnout

what is indicated by the arrows: a radiolucent area seen at the cervical portion of teeth due to optical illusion, often mistaken for decay

anterior nasal spine

identify the structure

median palatal structure

identify the sucture

incisive foramen

identify the structure

superior incisive foramina

identify the structures

nasal septum

identify the structure

inferior nasal conchae

identify the structure

nasal cavity floor

identify the structure

inverted Y (junction)

identify the structure

lateral (incisive) fossa

what is indicated by the arrows

pneumatized sinus floor

what is indicated by the arrows

tuberosity

what is indicated by the arrows

antral alveolar canal

what is indicated by the arrows

septation

what is indicated by the arrow

hamulus

what structure is indicated by the arrow

zygomatic process

what structure is indicated by the arrow

coronoid process

what is indicated by the arrows

lateral pterygoid plate

what is indicated by the arrows

nasolabial fold

what is indicated by the arrows

floor of maxillary sinus

what is indicated by the arrows

hard palate/floor of nose

what is indicated by the arrows

nutrient canal

what is indicated by the arrows

mental/sublingual fossa

what is indicated by the arrows

mental ridge

what is indicated by the arrows

lingual foramen

what is indicated by the arrow

genial tubercle

what is indicated by the circle

accessory foramen

what is indicated by the arrow

external oblique ridge

what is indicated by the arrows

anterior border of ramus

what is indicated by the arrows

mental foramen

what is indicated by the arrow

inferior alveolar canal

what is indicated by the arrows

mylohyoid ridge

what is indicated by the arrows

mandibular fossa

what is indicated by the arrows

submandibular fossa

what is indicated by the star

inferior alveolar canal

what is indicated by the arrows

external oblique ridge

what is indicated by the arrow

internal oblique/mylohyoid ridge

what is indicated by the arrows

distal

which direction would a LINGUAL object shift if the tubehead shifts DISTAL

mesial

which direction would a BUCCAL object shift if the tubehead shifts DISTAL

increased distance from reference object

when tube is shifted what would a increased shift AWAY from reference object indicate

separating root canals

what is the tube shifting technique useful for

buccal

where is the opaque foreign object relative to #3

buccal

what is the position of the root canal indicated in green

down

what direction would a LINGUAL object shift if the tube head shifts DOWN

UP

what direction would a BUCCAL object shift if the tube head shifts DOWN

skull projections

radiographs of the whole head

cephalometric radiographs

types of skull projection with standardized projection geometry and known magnification