Urinary System & Urinalysis

Fx of Urinary System

Maintains body fluid levels, controls RBC production, maintains BP

Kidney Fx

Filters blood > removes wastes > excretes into urine

Nephron

Functional unit of urinary system, where blood is filtered & urine is formed

Renal fascia

Connective tissue that holds kidney in place

Renal pelvis

Where urine is collected

Ureter

10” tube connecting renal pelvis to bladder

Urinary bladder

Storage of urine

Detrusor muscle

Smooth muscle in wall of bladder

Urethra

tube connecting bladder to exit. Shorter in women > prone to UTIs

Urinary meatus

“Pee hole”

Erythr/o

CF: red

Mict/o

CF: to pass urine

Nephr/o & Ren/o

CF: kidney

Ur/o

CF: Urine

Lith/o

CF: stone

Ureter/o

CF: Ureter

Cyst/o & Vesic/o

CF: bladder

Pub/o

CF: pubis

Olig/o

CF: few, scanty

Noct/o

CF: night

Keton/o

CF: Ketone

Bilirubin/o

CF: bilirubin

-Tripsy

Suffix: crushing/breaking up

Frequency

Having to urinate often

Specific Gravity

Weight of urine compared with weight of equal amount of distilled water

Erythropoietin

Hormone released by kidneys to stimulate RBC production

Urologist

Doctor specializing in urinary tract & male reproductive system

Catheterization

Passing of sterile catheter through urethra into bladder to remove urine

Micturition

Act of expelling urine

Retention

Inability to empty bladder, urine is being produced but not expelled

Renal threshold

Concentration of a substance in the blood that isn’t normally excreted by kidneys begins to appear in urine

Renin

Enzyme secreted by kidneys that Fx in BP regulation

Vitamin D toxicity

Leads to kidney stones

Nephrectomy

Removal of kidney

Cystoscopy

Visual examination of the bladder

Urethrorrhaphy

Suturing the urethra

Lithotripsy

Destroying a stone using sound waves

Cystopexy

Surgical fixation of the bladder

Dialysis

removal of waste products from blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

Urinalysis

Physical, chemical, & microscopic analyses of urine

Suprapubic aspiration

Passing of sterile needle thru abdominal wall into bladder to remove urine

Ureterolith

Kidney stone

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Dysuria

Difficult/painful urination

Nocturia

Waking up at night to pee

Polyuria

Excessive urination

Oliguria

Decreased urination

Glycosuria

Glucose in urine

Proteinuria

Protein in urine

Ketonuria

Ketones in urine

Anuria

Failure of kidneys to produce urine

Pyuria

Pus in the urine

Enuresis

Bed wetting

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder

Pyelitis

Inflammation of renal pelvis

Urethritis

Inflammation of urethra

Physical Urinalysis

Color, Appearance, Odor, Specific Gravity

Chemical Urinalysis

pH, Glucose, Protein, Ketones, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Blood, Nitrite, Leukocytes

Microscopic Urinalysis

RBCs, WBCs, Epithelial cells, Casts, Crystals, Misc structures

ADH (Vasopressin)

Increases water reabsorption; concentrates urine

Aldosterone

Increases sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion; regulates BP

ANP Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Promotes sodium & water excretion; lowers blood volume

PTH Parathyroid Hormone

Increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys

Calcitonin

Decreases calcium reabsorption (minor role)

Water

Maintains hydration, flushes toxins, forms urine

Sodium

Regulates blood volume & pressure

Potassium

Maintains electrolyte balance, kidney excretion

Calcium

Supports bones & kidney fx, risk of stones if excessive

Magnesium

Kidney filtration, prevents stones

Phosphorus

Works w/ calcium, kidney regulation

Vitamin D

Regulates calcium absorption

Vitamin B6

Prevents kidney stones

Vitamin C

Antioxidant, excess may increase stones

Protein

Tissue repair, excessive intake stresses kidneys