BIO 1201: Ch. 9-10

heredity

transmission of traits from one gen to the next

genetics

scientific study of heredity

character

heritable feature that varies among individuals of a population, (purple or white flowers)

trait

variant of a character

hybrids

offspring of two different purebred varieties

P-generation

purebred parents

F1 generation

parents offspring

F2 generation

f1 gens offspring

allele

alternate version of a gene

homozygous

two identical alleles for a gene (PP, pp)

heterozygous

two different alleles for a gene (Pp)

dominant allele

always covers up recessive allele

recessive allele

allele w/ no noticeable effect on appearance

law of segregation

gene separates when gametes meet

phenotype

physical characteristics

genotype

genetic makeup

monohybrid cross

A genetic cross between parents that differ in a single trait, often used to study inheritance patterns.

dihybrid cross

cross btwn two characteristics that are heterozygous for two traits (Pp x Pp)

law of independent assortment

randomness

pedigree

family tree that shows genetics

wild type

traits most common in nature

carriers

have a recessive allele that doesnt show (for a disorder)

incomplete dominance

No allele that is completely dominant, comes out as a mixture

codominant

both alleles are dominant and show up

pleiotropy

one gene affects many characters (multiple symptoms of the disease)

polygenic inheritance

multiple genes cause a single trait (height)

epigenetic inheritance

how the experiences of previous generations affect who we are

linked genes

genes located near each other on the same chromosome

sex-linked gene

genes located near each other on a sex chromosome

nucleotides

monomer of nucleic acids

polynucleotide

polymer of nucleotides

sugar-phosphate backbone

chain of sugar and phosphate where DNA and RNA is attatched

double helix

DNAs shape out of polynucleotide strands

dna polymerases

Enzymes that make covalent bonds btwn nucleotides of a new DNA strands

transcription

copying DNA into RNA

translation

making RNA into protein

codons

3 nucleotide sequence of DNA

genetic code

rules that convert a nucleotide sequence in RNA —> amino acids

RNA polymerase

Links RNA nucleotides together

promoter

“start transcribing” signal

terminator

signals the end of a gene

messenger RNA

molecule that is translated into protein, acts as the blueprint

RNA splicing

removal of introns and joining exons

Transfer RNA

decodes the genetic code from mRNA and delivers the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Anticodon

brings the right amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins.

Ribosomal RNA

makes the ribosomes for proteins

Start codon

where translation begins

Stop codon

where translation stops

Mutation

change to genetic info of a cell

Mutagens

other physical and chemical sources of mutation

Virus

infectious particle

bacteriophages

“bacteria eaters”

lytic cycle

reproductive cycle for phages

lysogenic cycle

alternative reproduction cycle for phages