CH 5-8 Social psych

Conformity

Change in behavior or belief due to real or imagined group pressures

Why does the patient copy what everyone is doing around her?

Conformity

We conform to…

Social Norms

Social norms can be both…

implicit/explicit and helpful/restricting 

Normative Influence

we conform to be liked and accepted

We fear consequences of appearing…

deviant

Why does the participant base their answer off what the other 6 confederates decide?

Normative Influence 

Informational Influence 

people conform to be right or informed 

When does informational influence occur?

When the correct answer is unclear, we assume are correct in their judgements

What happens to the data when the group discusses how the light moves

the range of data became smaller

We conform to others to be ____ and ____

Liked and Right

Group size 

We are more likely to conform when there’s more people engaging in behavior/attitude 

what factor involved the looking at the sky study?

group size 

Unanimity

We are more likely to conform to create a consensus with others

Public Response

We are more likely to conform in public due to fear of neg social consequences

Normative Influence 

we conform publicly to avoid difference but we don’t adapt to other’s belief 

Informational Influence

we conform privately, changing our beliefs and behavior

We are more likely to conform when someone has a high ___

Status

Prior Commitment 

We are more likely to conform when we made a prior commitment to a behavior attitude 

prior commitment is an example of

Cognitive Dissonance

Cultural Influence

tight cultures engage in more conformity

loose cultures engage in more individual freedom

Based off a study, tight cultures have more

threats

Conformity can either be…

explicit or implicit

3 kinds of explicit conformity

Acceptance, Compliance, Obedience

Acceptance

acting/believing in accord w/ social pressures

Compliance

publicly act in accord to request but privately disagreeing

Obedience 

acting in accord w/ a direct order/command 

The Chameleon Effect

we tend the minimize actions/expressions around us

Subtle Mimicry

unconscious imitation of others behaviors 

Social Contagion

the spread of behaviors, emotions, ideas in groups of people

Mass Hysteria

suggestibility to problems that spread to large groups of people

Pro of Conformity

sustainability 

Con of Conformity

manipulation

Our moral convictions cause us to…

resist

Reactance

the motive to protect one’s freedom

persuasion

the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes or behavior

Elaboration Likelihood model

persuasive messages can be processed through two main routes;peripheral route and central 

Peripheral Route of Persuation

automatic thinking, works best on those distracted temporary attitude change

The product placement

feelings from item being in peripheral persuades our feelings

The effect of arousing fear and disgust is more effective when…

paired with a solution

Central Route of Persuasion

controlled thinking, works best with analytical people, long-lasting attitude change

How does the Communicator effect persuasion?

credibility, speaking style, trustworthiness, attractiveness

What does Message content include?

delivery of info, appeals, message timing

foot in the door phenomenon

people who have first agreed to a small request, comply later w/ larger request

door in the face technique

after turning down large request, more willing to comply to smaller, more reasonable request

one-sided appeal

mentions only “pros”, audience agrees

two-sided appeal

addresses “cons”, audience disagrees

primacy effect

info presented first can influence perception of later info

recency effect

info presented last is more persuasive because we remember it more clearly

The Channel of Communication 

the more “real” a media compaign or channel seems, the more persuasive 

before audience responds we should…

anticipate their response and prepare counter arguments

When distracted, it’s harder to create..

counterarguments

when persuading an audience we should determine their…

route of persuasion

Collective Influence

group affect their members and members affect their group

Groups help to satisfy our need to…

belong, achieve our goals, define our social identity

Social Identity Theory

we categorize ourselves and others based on diff social characteristics and identities 

The presence of others can enhance OR hinder

individual performance

our individual performance is dependent on 

arousal 

Evaluation Apprehension

others’ presence creates arousal which affects how we preform because others are observing us

Social Loafing

when people exert less effort towards common goal (free loaders)

Social loafing is less likely to occur when…

task is challenging, big reward, group members are close

Deindividuation

loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension

Social Facilitation

the presence of others strengthens the dominant response

if a problem has one factual answer

group decision making is good

if a problem has multiple outcomes or not a “right” answer 

group decision making can create conflict 

Groups can promote

catastrophic decisions

Groupthink

group harmony is prioritized overcritical thinking, usually when making decisions

When groups believe they are invulnerable 

decision making can be hampered 

decision making can be hampered when groups…

pressure members, ignore contrary info, suppress disagreements

A directive and charismatic leader creates risk of…

groupthink

a environment that allows individual thinking without judgement prevents…

groupthink

group polarization

group discusses w/ like-minded members often enhance their initial positions

group polarization occurs

to fit social norms, learn more supportive info, compare ourselves to others

a diverse group 

prevents group polarization 

by interacting with those who have different opinions and backgrounds

we prevent group polarization 

Ostracism

being ignored or excluded by others

groups provide a sense of

belonging

the presence of others improves 

well-learned tasks 

the presence of others hinders performances for

complex tasks

when evaluation apprehension is low, group members may

social loaf or deindividualize

homogonous and cohesive group are susceptible to making bad decisions via

groupthink or group polarization

prejudice

preconceived negative judgement/feelings of group or member

Discrimination

unjustified negative behavior towards group/person solely based on identity

Stereotype 

a belief about personal attributes of group 

Prejudice is a the attitude’s

Affect, feeling

Discrimination is the attitude’s

behavior

Stereotypes is the attitude’s

Cognition, belief 

The problem with stereotypes arises when they are

inaccurate and overgeneralized

Explicit Prejudice

aware of attitude and can measure w/ self reported scales (conscious)

Implicit Prejudice

not aware of attitude/preference and can be measured w/ IAT (automatic)

Explicit Prejudice’s behavior is

conscious control over verbal behavior and self perception

Implicit Prejudice’s behavior is

do NOT have conscious control over non-verbal behavior, behavior confirmation

Racial prejudice

explicit racial prejudice (segregation) are declining but subtle implicit prejudice persists

Modern Racism

Ignoring the oppression people of color have faced by claiming color doesn’t exist or that racism doesn’t exist today

The Weapon Bias study showed 

white participants associated a gun to a black person when rushed more than they would with a white person