Characteristics of plants
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cells wall contain CELLULOSE
Carry out Photosynthesis
4 main groups of plants
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Fern-like plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Bryophytes (Mosses)
Mosses and relatives
Don’t have strong plant tissue and can’t grow tall
Grow in moist environments
Fern like plants
Have spores instead of seeds
Gymnosperms
cone-bearing plants
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
Plant evolution (know the cladogram, pic on the other side of this flashcard)
Monocots
One cotyledon (seed)
Fibrous roots
Scattered vascular tubes
Parallel veins
Petals in multiples of 3
Dicots
Two cotyledon (seeds)
Tap roots
Ringed vascular tubes
Net-likes veins
Petals in multiples of 5
Alteration of generations
the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. It consists of a multicellular haploid sexual phase, the gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with a multicellular diploid asexual phase.
Parts of a leaf cell from top to bottom
Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisade layer
Vascular bundle (xylem and phloem)
Spongey mesophyll
Stomata
Spongey layer
temporary storage of sugars and amino acids synthesized in the palisade layer
Stoma
allows gas and water vapor exchange through pores in the leaves
Guard cells (located in the epidermis)
control water loss in the leaf
epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores
Xylem
Carries water from roots to leaves
Phloem
carries glucose from leaf to all parts of the plant
Vascular bundle
xylem and phloem that are together in strands in primary plant bodies
Capillary action
helps bring water up from the roots
The 9 animal kingdom phyla
Sponges (Porifera)
Cnidaria
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Roundworms (Nematoda)
Mollusks (Mollusca)
Annelida
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
Sponges (Porifera)
Sponges - the simplest animal
Cnidaria
Includes jellyfish
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
Flatworms such as the parasitic tapeworms that latch on the inside of intestines and steal nutrients from the host
Roundworms (Nematoda)
Roundworms - many are parasites and very small
Mollusks (Mollusca)
Diverse group that includes gastropods like snails, but also includes bivalves like clams and oysters, but also includes cephalopods like octopi Most seashells that you see at the beach are from marine mollusks
Annelida
Segmented worms such as earthworms or leaches
Arthropoda
Includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans
Echinodermata
Includes starfish (now called sea stars) and sea urchins, sea cucumbers
Chordata
Animals with backbones
evolution of the animal kingdom (know the pic on this flashcard)
5 groups within fish
Body Covering: Scales
Reproduction: Lay soft eggs; external fertilization
Movement: Swim bladder, Fins
Circulatory System: Single loop; 2 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation: Ecotherm
5 groups within amphibians
Body Covering: Smooth skin
Reproduction: Need to go back to the water to lay eggs which are soft eggs like fish eggs, internal and external fertilization (most external)
Movement: front and back legs
Circulatory System: Double looped; 3 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation: Ecotherm
Specializations: Tympanic membrane, Nictitating membrane
5 groups within reptiles
Body Covering: Dry-scaly skin
Reproduction: Lay eggs with leathery shells and fluid and nourishment on the inside so no longer dependent on water for reproduction; internal fertilization
Movement: strong limbs
Circulatory System: Double looped; 4 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation: Ecotherm
5 groups within birds
Body Covering: Scales, feathers
Reproduction: Lay eggs with leathery shells and fluid and nourishment on the inside so no longer dependent on water for reproduction ; internal fertilization
Movement: wings
Circulatory System: Double looped; 4 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation: Endotherm
Specializations: Struts, Air spaces, Air sacs
5 groups within mammals
Body Covering: hair, fur
Reproduction: Live birth (some lay eggs)
Movement: flexible backbone
Circulatory System: Double looped; 4 chamber heart
Body Temperature Regulation: Endotherm
Specialization: Produce milk from mammary glands
Body symmetry
Cephalization
The centralization of the nervous system. It indicates the development of a head and brain.
Protostome
The first opening in the embryo becomes the mouth.
Deuterosome
The first opening in the embryo becomes the anus, and the mouth develops later
Endotherm
The regulation of body temperature depends on internal sources
Ectotherm
The regulation of body temperature depends on external sources
Notochord
A supporting skeletal rod in all chordate embryos
Auxin stimulates what kind of growth in plants?
cell elongation
What do Gibberellins stimulate in plants?
cell division and expansion
What does Ethene (ethylene) do to plants?
Plant growth regulator
Phototropism
Plant’s response to light
Thigmotropism
When a plant bends/turns in the direction of the object it touches (directional response to touch)
Gravitropism
Plant’s response to gravity (the roots of the plants grow towards the gravitational field whereas the stem grows away from the gravitational field)
Tympanic membrane
separate the inner ear from the outer ear
Blastula
an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells
1
petal
2
stigma
3
style
4
ovary
5
pistil (carpel)
6
anther
7
filament
8
stamen
9
ovule
10
sepal