Plants and Animals test

Bio unit 9

Characteristics of plants

* Eukaryotes
* Multicellular
* Cells wall contain CELLULOSE
* Carry out Photosynthesis

4 main groups of plants

* Bryophytes (Mosses)
* Fern-like plants
* Gymnosperms
* Angiosperms

Bryophytes (Mosses)

* Mosses and relatives
* Don’t have strong plant tissue and can’t grow tall
* Grow in moist environments 

Fern like plants

Have spores instead of seeds

Gymnosperms

cone-bearing plants

Angiosperms

Flowering Plants

Plant evolution (know the cladogram, pic on the other side of this flashcard)

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Monocots

* One cotyledon (seed)
* Fibrous roots
* Scattered vascular tubes
* Parallel veins
* Petals in multiples of 3

Dicots

* Two cotyledon (seeds)
* Tap roots
* Ringed vascular tubes
* Net-likes veins
* Petals in multiples of 5

Alteration of generations

the predominant type of life cycle in plants and algae. It consists of a multicellular haploid sexual phase, the gametophyte, which has a single set of chromosomes alternating with a multicellular diploid asexual phase.

Parts of a leaf cell from top to bottom

* Cuticle
* Epidermis
* Palisade layer
* Vascular bundle (xylem and phloem)
* Spongey mesophyll
* Stomata

Spongey layer

temporary storage of sugars and amino acids synthesized in the palisade layer

Stoma

allows gas and water vapor exchange through pores in the leaves

Guard cells (located in the epidermis)

* control water loss in the leaf 


* epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores

Xylem

Carries water from roots to leaves

Phloem

carries glucose from leaf to all parts of the plant

Vascular bundle

xylem and phloem that are together in strands in primary plant bodies

Capillary action

helps bring water up from the roots

The 9 animal kingdom phyla

* Sponges (Porifera)
* Cnidaria
* Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
* Roundworms (Nematoda)
* Mollusks (Mollusca)
* Annelida
* Arthropoda
* Echinodermata
* Chordata 

Sponges (Porifera)

Sponges - the simplest animal

Cnidaria

Includes jellyfish

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

Flatworms such as the parasitic tapeworms that latch on the inside of intestines and steal nutrients from the host

Roundworms (Nematoda)

Roundworms - many are parasites and very small

Mollusks (Mollusca)

Diverse group that includes gastropods like snails, but also includes bivalves like clams and oysters, but also includes cephalopods like octopi Most seashells that you see at the beach are from marine mollusks

Annelida

Segmented worms such as earthworms or leaches

Arthropoda

Includes insects, arachnids, and crustaceans

Echinodermata

Includes starfish (now called sea stars) and sea urchins, sea cucumbers

Chordata

Animals with backbones

evolution of the animal kingdom (know the pic on this flashcard)

5 groups within fish

* **Body Covering:** Scales
* **Reproduction:** Lay soft eggs; external fertilization
* **Movement:** Swim bladder, Fins
* **Circulatory System:** Single loop; 2 chamber heart
* **Body Temperature Regulation:** Ecotherm

5 groups within amphibians

* **Body Covering:** Smooth skin
* **Reproduction:** Need to go back to the water to lay eggs which are soft eggs like fish eggs, internal and external fertilization (most external)
* **Movement:** front and back legs
* **Circulatory System:** Double looped; 3 chamber heart
* **Body Temperature Regulation:** Ecotherm
* **Specializations: Tympanic membrane, Nictitating membrane**

5 groups within reptiles

* **Body Covering:** Dry-scaly skin 
* **Reproduction**: Lay eggs with leathery shells and fluid and nourishment on the inside so no longer dependent on water for reproduction; internal fertilization
* **Movement:** strong limbs
* **Circulatory System:** Double looped; 4 chamber heart
* **Body Temperature Regulation:** Ecotherm

5 groups within birds

* **Body Covering:** Scales, feathers 
* **Reproduction**: Lay eggs with leathery shells and fluid and nourishment on the inside so no longer dependent on water for reproduction ; internal fertilization
* **Movement:** wings 
* **Circulatory System:** Double looped; 4 chamber heart
* **Body Temperature Regulation:** Endotherm
* **Specializations: Struts, Air spaces, Air sacs**

5 groups within mammals

* **Body Covering:** hair, fur
* **Reproduction**: Live birth (some lay eggs)
* **Movement:** flexible backbone
* **Circulatory System:** Double looped; 4 chamber heart
* **Body Temperature Regulation:** Endotherm
* **Specialization: Produce milk from mammary glands**

Body symmetry

Cephalization

The centralization of the nervous system.  It indicates the development of a head and brain.

Protostome

The first opening in the embryo becomes the mouth.

Deuterosome

The first opening in the embryo becomes the anus, and the mouth develops later

Endotherm

The regulation of body temperature depends on internal sources

Ectotherm

The regulation of body temperature depends on external sources

Notochord

A supporting skeletal rod in all chordate embryos

Auxin stimulates what kind of growth in plants?

cell elongation

What do Gibberellins stimulate in plants?

cell division and expansion

What does Ethene (ethylene) do to plants?

Plant growth regulator

Phototropism

Plant’s response to light

Thigmotropism

When a plant bends/turns in the direction of the object it touches (directional response to touch)

Gravitropism

Plant’s response to gravity (the roots of the plants grow towards the gravitational field whereas the stem grows away from the gravitational field)

Tympanic membrane

separate the inner ear from the outer ear

Blastula

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells

1

petal

2

stigma

3

style

4

ovary

5

pistil (carpel)

6

anther

7

filament

8

stamen

9

ovule

10

sepal