BIO 201 Exam 1

Functions of the skin

Protection, Vitamin D, Sensation, Thermoregulation, Psychological and social functions, blood reservoir, physiological barrier, removes waste

Nervous tissue composes \_________ and provides \__________

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves,; internal communication and fast control

Muscle tissue comes of three types: \__________ and is capable to \__________

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth; stabilize joints

Epithelial tissue \__________ and provides \__________

Forms boundaries and lines cavities; protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration

Connective tissue composes \__________ and provides \__________

Bones, tendons, fat; support, protection, and binds other tissues together

You name epithelial tissue by \__________ and \__________

Number of layers; cells' type

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue has two layers of cells. True or False?

False

Nervous tissue has how many types?

1 type

Epithelial tissues has how many types?

8 types

Muscle tissue has how many types?

3 types

Connective tissue has how many types?

11 types

Connective tissue functions are: (1) connecting structures to each other; (2) providing support and protection (physical and immune); (3) provide a storage for energy; and (4)\__________

movement and transport of materials

There are three types of connective tissue: (1) collagen; (2) elastic; and (3) \__________

Reticular

Cells of connective tissue are:

_________________ produce protein fibers and ground substance

________________ phagocytize foreign material

_______________ phagocytize bacteria

_______________ synthesize antibodies

_______________ in skin secrete heparin that inhibits clotting and histamine that dilates blood vessels

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Neutrophils, White blood cells, Mast Cells, Adipose cells

\______________ store triglycerides

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Neutrophils, White blood cells, Mast Cells, Adipose cells

Ground Substance of Connective Tissue is gelatinous or rubbery material found in between cells. True or False?

True

The main function of connective tissue is secretion. True or False?

False

This tissue wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid.

Areolar Connective Tissue

What Functions ARE NOT the functions of connective tissues?

Excretes Toxins

The following fibers are present in connective tissue: elastic, collagen, and \__________

Reticular

Ground substance of connective tissue contains proteglycans and glycoproteins. True or False?

True

Areolar connective tissue is the strongest tissue in the human body. True or False?

False

Dense regular connective tissue makes fibrous capsules of organs. True or False?

False

Hyaline cartilage forms most of the embryonic skeleton. True or False?

True

Elastic cartilage supports the external ear. True or False?

True

Fibrocartilage makes intervertebral dics. True or False?

True

Chondrocytes produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae. True or False?

False

Reticular connective tissue makes lymphoid organs ( lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). True or False?

True

What tissue is this: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

Areolar

What tissue is this: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed asipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleous pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

Adipose

What tissue is this: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.

Reticular

What tissue is this: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cells type is the fibroblast.

Dense Regular

What tissue is this: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic; major cell type is the fibroblast.

Dense Irregular

What tissue is this: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.

Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

What tissue is this: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.

Hyaline Cartilage

What tissue is this: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix.

Elastic Cartilage

What tissue is this: Matrix similar to but less fir than that in hyaline; thick collagen fibers predominate.

Fibrocartilage

Cyanosis

blue pigment in skin due to not enough blood flow (heart problem)

Jaundice

yellowish skin (liver problem)

Albinism

genetic disorder not enough melanin

Addison's Disease

Skin and nails become dark brown and black lines can form on the gums

Erythema

Redish color of the skin

Hematoma

Cumulated blood under the skin due to cutting of blood vessels

Histology

study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

intercellular junctions and glands

Features of tissues

characteristics of the surround matrix, differences between tissues type and function of cells, amount of space occupied by cells versus matrix

Functions of the four major tissue groups

Nervous tissue: Internal communication

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement

Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different environments; protects, secretes, absorbs, filters

Connective tissue: Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together

What are the different epithelial tissues

Simple squamous, simple cubiodal, simple columnar, pseuostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cubiodal, stratified columnar, transitional

Simple epithelial

contains one layer of cells, named by shape of cells

Stratified epithelial

contains more than one layer, named by the shape of the apical cells, deepest cells sit on basement membrane

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

Location: lining lungs

Cells: squamous epithelial cells

Function: a thin cell for gas diffusion

Simple squamous epithelial tissue is called....

Endothelium when found in lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart

or....

Mesothelium when found in serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

Simple Cubodial Epithelial Tissue

Location: thyroid

Cells: cubodial epithelial cells

Function: makes and helps store thyroid hormone

Simple columnar Epithelial tissue

Location: intestinal lining

Cells: columnar epithelial cells

Function: absorbs nutrients, provides a surface for enzyme action

Pseudostratified columnar Epithelial tissue

Location: lines trachea

Cells: columnar epithelial cells, basal cells, goblet cells

Function:provides mucous to trap particles, cilia sweeps mucous up and out

Stratified Squamous epithelial tissue

Location:covering and lining entrances to body

Function: resists pathogens and abrasions

Cells: many layers of squamous epithelial cells,

Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

Location: sweat glands in the dermis of the skin

Function: secretes sweat

Cells: cubiodal epithelial cells

Transitional epithelial tissue

Location: lining bladder,

Function: allows stretching,

Cells: several layers of transitional epithelial cells

Functions of the skin

protection, vitamin D synthesis, sensation, thermoregulation, psychological and social functions, physiological barrier, removes waste, blood reservoir

Skin is...

largest and heaviest organ of the body, epidermis, hypodermis, dermis

Skin is also known as

cutaneous membrane

know skin diagram

Layers of epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Stratum Basale

deepest layer, single layer of cubodial cells sitting on the basement membrane

Cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells

Stratum Spinosum

several layers thick

Cell types: dendritic cells, keratinocytes

Stratum Granulosum

3-5 layers

Cell types: flattened keratinocytes

Stratum Lucidum

thin translucent zone seen only in thick skin, cells have no nuclei or organelles

Straum Corneum

up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells

Hemoglobin

red pigment of red blood cells

Carotene

yellow pigment of vegetables, and egg yolk

Melanin

pigment produced by melanocytes, responsible for dark skin colors

Abnormal skin colors:

cyanosis, pallor, bronzing, albinism, erythema, jaundice, hematoma

Accessory Organs of the skin;

hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Functions of hair;

sensation, communication, protection, thermoregulation

ABCDE

Asymmetrical

Border

Color

Diameter

Elevation

3 body hair types

lanugo-fine, unpigmented fetal hair

vellus-fine, unpigmented hair of children and women

terminal hair- coarse, long, pigmented hair of scalp, pubic and axillary regions

Structure of hair follicle

Epithelial root sheath is an extension of the epidermis (lies next to hair root)

Connective tissue root sheath is derived from the dermis (surrounds it)

Hair receptors entwine each follicle

Piloerector muscles

smooth muscles that cause goose bumps

Cutaneous glands

Sweat glands- merocrine, apocrine

Sebaceous glands

Ceruminous glands

Mammary glands

Sweat glands

Filtrate of blood plasma containing some waste products

lactic acid forms "acid mantle"

Merocrine glands

millions of them

cool the body

Apocrine glands produce sweat containing fatty acids

found only near hair follicles and respond to stress and sexual arousal

fatty acids support bacteria leads to body odor

Sebaceous glands

Oily secretion called sebum that contains broken-down cells- anti-bacterial properties, flexibility of cutaneous membrane

Ceruminous Glands (other glands)

secretion combines with sebum to produce earwax

waterproof

keeps eardrum flexible

bitterness repel mites & other pests

Mammary Glands (other glands)

modified apocrine sweat gland

thicker secretions containing proteins and fats

released by ducts that open at the nipple

Rule of nines

anterior and posterior head and neck, 9%

anterior and posterior upper limbs, 18%

anterior and posterior trunk, 36%

anterior and posterior lower limbs, 36%

severity of burns

critical if:

>25% of the body has second-degree burns

>10% of the body has third-degree burns

Face, hands, or feet bare third-degree burns

Cells of connective tissue

fibroblasts, white blood cells, mast cells, adipocytes

Fibers of connective tissue

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

Areloar connective tissue

Function:cushions cells, tissues and organs

Location: below epidermis of skin

Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma mast, and adipocytes

Matrix: Fibers: elastic, collagen, and reticular

Ground Substance: gel

Adipose connective tissue

Location: hypodermis

Function:energy storage, insulation and protective cushioning

Cells: adipocytes

Matrix: ground substance: gel

Reticular connective tissue

Location: lymph nodes and spleen

Function: forms structure of lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow

Cells: fibroblasts

Matrix: ground substance: gel

fibers: reticular fibers

Dense reguar connective tissue

Location: Tendons

Function: strong rope connects muscle to bone

Cells: fibroblasts

Matrix: fibers: collagen ground substance: gel

Dense irregular connective tissue

Location: dermis of the skin

Function: strong covering

Cells: fibroblasts, mast cells

Matrix: Fibers: collagen ground substance: gel

Elastic connective tissue

Location: within artery walls

Function: provides elasticity

Cells: fibroblasts

Matrix: Fibers: elastic ground substance: gel

Hyaline Cartilage connective tissue

Location: ends of bones, in movable joints

Function: protects bone ends and airways

Cells: chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Matrix: Fibers: collagen ground substance: gel

Elastic cartilage connective tissue

Location: outter ear

Function: flexible mesh

Cells: chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Matrix: Fibers: elastic ground substance: gel

Fibrocartilage connective tissue

Location: intervetebral dics

Function: cushions shock to bones

Cells: chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Matrix: Fibers: collagen ground substance: gel

Compact osseous Connective tissue

Location: hard outer portion of the bones

Function: strength and support

Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic

Matrix: Fibers: collagen ground substance: hard, mineralized calcium and phosphate

spongy osseous connective tissue

Location: softer bony structure

Function: ability to compress

Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Matrix: Fibers: collagen ground substance: hard mineralized, calcium and phosphate

blood connective tissue

Location: mainly inside blood vessels

Function: carries fluid, gas, nutrients, waste, and hormones

Cells: erythrocytes, and leukocytes

Matrix: Fibers: none ground substance: fluid plasma

steps in tissue repair

inflammation, release of inflammatory chemicals, dilation of blood vessels, increase in vessel permablility, clotting occurs

Cancer

Cancer: Abnormal cell division. Sun damaged DNA may lead to abnormal cell multiplication. Cells pile on each other and form a tumor.Abnormal cell division. Damaged DNA may lead to abnormal cell multiplication. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells have no "inhibitions", they just pile up all over each other.Piles of cancerous cells are called neoplasms (tumors)