Organic Chemistry

Alkanes

C and H and only single bonds

meth-

1 carbon atom

eth-

2 carbon atoms

prop-

3 carbon atoms

but-

4 carbon atoms

pent-

5 carbon atoms

hex-

6 carbon atoms

hept-

7 carbon atoms

oct-

8 carbon atoms

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structure

Alkene

double bond

alkynes

triple bond

cis

both carbons are on the same side

trans

carbons are on opposite sides

why cis or trans

Cis and trans isomers arise when a carbon carbon double bond is present - because c double bond c cannot rotate - and each alkene carbon has two different groups of atoms attached.

Amines

contains a NH2

carboxylic acids

c double bond O single bond OH

Haloalkanes

F-fluoro Cl-chloro Br-bromo I-Iodo

Alcohols

OH

primary

the carbon attached to the functional group has only one C directly attached to it

secondary

the carbon attached to the functional group has 2 C directly attached to it

tertiary

the carbon attached to the functional group has 3 C directly attached to it

addition reaction

a double bond is broken and one group is added on either side of the double bond

substitution reaction

a leaving group is taken off - its bond to C is broken- and another group joins

elimination reaction

a group is removed from either side of a c-c bond and a double bond forms in there pace

Markovnikov’s rule

the rich get richer- the hydrogen rich c of the alkene carbons gains the H from the reactant

Zaitsev’s rule

the poor get poorer- the carbon adjacent to the leaving group that has the fewest H atoms will lose an H atom in the major product

testing with water

water is a polar substance that dissolves other polar substances

Polar

alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids

Non-polar

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, haloalkanes, anything with 4+ C atoms

acids

blue litmus turns red, when reacted with carbonates bubbles/CO2

Base

amines, red litmus to blue

tested with Cl2

green to colourless with alkenes in the dark

tested with Br2

orange to colourless with alkenes in the dark

MnO4-

purple to colourless with primary alcohols and alkenes

Cr2O72-

orange to green primary alcohols