Biology chapters 7-11 final

Very few cells are able to reproduce

Which of the following is NOT a principle of cell theory?

The cell lacks a nucleus

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?

The cell is eukaryotic because it has a nucleus

Which of the following conclusions could you draw about the cell shown in figure 7-1?

Stores DNA

Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

The nucleus is the site of protein assembly

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is NOT true?

Structure C (vacuoles)

Which structure in the cell shown in figure 7-2 above stores materials, such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates?

ribosome

Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?

Structure A (golgi apparatus)

Which structure shown in figure 7-3 above modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release from the cell?

Mitochondrion

Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

chloroplast

Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

support and protect the cell

The primary function of the cell wall is to

cell membrane

which of the following structures serves as the cells boundary from its environment?

regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

active transport

Which means of particle transport is shown in figure 7-4 above?

endocytosis

Which means of particle transport is shown in figure 7-5 above

homeostasis

Which term describes the relatively constant internal conditions of an organism?

able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life

The cells of unicellular organisms are

adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

A phosphate group is removed

Energy is released from ATP when

Structure D

Look at figure 8-1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT

autotrophs

Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called

Autotrophs produce carbohydrates

What happens during photosynthesis?

sunlight

Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing

does not absorb green light

Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

structure C

Which structure in figure 8-2 represents a single thylakoid?

thylakoids

The stroma is the region outside the

in the thylakoid membrane

Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found?

NADP+

Which chemical shown in figure 8-3 is an electron carrier molecule?

they can accept electrons and transfer most of their energy into another molecule

What makes certain molecules good electron carriers?

oxygen and high-energy sugars

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into

oxygen produced by the plant allows for the candle to burn longer

In figure 8-4, why might the candle in jar A burn longer than the candle in jar B?

Within the thylakoid membranes

Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?

ATP, NADPH, and oxygen gas

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars

Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions?

H+ ions are released as water splits

What action contributes to the inside of the thylakoid membrane becoming positively charged during the light-dependent reactions?

the calvin cycle produces sugars

Which of the following activities happens within the stroma?

light-independent reactions

The calvin cycle is another name for the

no sugars will be produced

If carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant;s production of high-energy sugars?

A

In which experimental setup shown above would you expect the elodea plant inside the test tube to produce the LEAST amount of oxygen?

By breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy

How do organisms get the energy they need?

glycolysis → krebs cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

6CO₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?

food molecules

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

oxygen

Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

E: photosynthesis; D: cellular respiration

Using figure 9-1, which pairing matches the structures shown in the cell diagrams with the processes that take place within those structures?

Photosynthesis

Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?

photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back

Which of the following is one of the ways that cellular respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes?

all eukaryotic cells

Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in

reactants of cellular respiration

The products of photosynthesis are the

2 ATP molecules

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

glucose

The starting molecule for glycolysis is

glucose

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

NAD+

Which of the following is an electron carrier that plays a role in cellular respiration?

the krebs cycle

In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by

electron transport

What process do the arrows for oxygen going in and water coming out represent in the figure 9-2 diagram of the mitochondria?

inner mitochondrial membrane

In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

convert ADP molecules into ATP molecules

High-energy electrons that move down the electron transport chain ultimately provide the energy needed to

36 ATP molecules

Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to provide approximately

muscle cells

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in

repaying an oxygen debt

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

cellular respiration

When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out

volume increases faster than its surface area

As a cell becomes larger, its

volume

The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s

moving needed materials in and waste products out

Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble

each daughter cell recieves its own copy of the parent cell’s DNA

Which of the following happens when a cell divides?

cell division

The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called

provides genetic diversity

An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction

during cell division, each daughter cell will get the same number of genes

Which advantage of having the cell’s DNA bundled into separate chromosomes is illustrated in figure 10-1 above?

chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set

A multicellular organism begins life as a single cell-- a fertilized egg with a complete set of chromosomes. The picture in 10-2 above shows how a cell divides to become two cells, then four cells, eight cells, and so on. Which of the following statements best describes what happens during the process?

only during cell division

When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

S phase

When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?

D

Cell division is represented in figure 10-3 by the letter

connect to spindle fibers

In figure 10-4, what role does structure A play in mitosis?

centromere

The structure labeled A in figure 10-5 is called the

sister chromatids

The structures labeled B in figure 10-5 are called the

prophase

Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?

metaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?

they help separate the chromosomes

What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

mitosis and cytokinesis

The two main stages of cell division are called

four chromosomes

during normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells each containing

only cell B forms a cell plate during cytokinesis

Some cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis. Which of the following is true of the cells in figure 10-6 above?

contact with other cells

When cells are grown in a laboratory, which of the following is a factor that can stop cells from dividing?

the controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off

Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. if cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show?

contact with other cells stops cell growth

Which of the following explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered to bottom of the dish?

cyclins

In eukaryotic cells, the timing of the cell cycle is regulated by

growth factors

Which of the following are external regulators of the cell cycle?

growth rate

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost their ability to control their

tumors

Cancer cells form masses of cells called

differentiation

During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Later on in development, the cells will become specialized through a process called

they have the potential to develop into other cell types

Why are stem cells important?

reversing damage from a heart attack

Which of the following is a possible future benefit of stem cell research?

2

Each pea-plant has how many alleles for each gene?

alleles

The different forms of a gene are called

control crosses between plants

Gregor Mendel removed the male parts from the flowers of some plants in order to

green peas in it does not also have a dominant allele for yellow peas

If a pea plant has a recessive allele for green peas, it will produce

one allele from each parent

When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F₁ plants inherited

Both parents contributed a recessive allele

If a pea plant’s alleles for height are *tt,* what is true of its parents?