Studied by 3 people
revenge/academic comeback/i see red when im angry
eukaryotic cells
animal and plant cells
prokaryotic cells
bacteria
prokaryotic cells are smaller
prokaryotic cells are smaller
stage
where u put the microscope slide
3 different objective lenses
4x, 10x, 40x
what r the screws on the microscope called? heh… are u screwing with me? 😈
coarse focus and fine focus
total magnification
mag of eyepiece lens x mag of objective lens
nucleus
contains the genetic material of the cell
cytoplasm
watery solution where chemical reactions occur
cell membrane
controls molecules entering and leaving the cells gaff. basically the bouncer of the cell.
mitochondria
the site of aerobic respiration
ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis
permanent vacuole (only in plant cells)
filled with cell sap, helps the plant keep its shape 💪
chloroplasts (only in plant cells)
the site of photosynthesis
cell wall (only in plant cells)
contains cellulose, strengthens the cell
why is a prokaryotic cell quirkier than a eukaryotic?
prokaryotic genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nucleus. it js romes free.
specialised cells
cells that have gone through differentiation, giving them special adaptations. some would call it… superpowers 😅
what adaptations do plant cells have?
xylem. phloem and root hair cells
what adaptations do animal cells have?
sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells
chromosomes are paired
chromosomes are paired
DNA
what are chromosomes made of?
genes
what do chromosomes carry?
by mitosis
how cells divide?
stage one of mitosis
the DNA replicates
stage two of mitosis
the nucleus divides
stage three of mitosis
the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
end result of mitosis
TWO IDENTICAL CELLS ARE FORMED each has two pairs of chromosomes.
stem cells
an undifferentiated cell, it therefore has the ability to differentiate and form any specialised cell. heh..freaky.
where are stem cells found in da hooman? derp, bleh! uwu XD
in the bone marrow, brain, blood cells and skin.
meristem tissue
can differentiate into any plant tissue.
meristem (clo)
what you can use to clone plants
roots and buds
where meristem tissue is found.
diffusion
the movement of particles in and out of a call from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.
temp in diffusion
the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion.
osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane.
turgid
when a plant cell is filled with water, and expanded due to the cell wall preventing it from bursting.
flaccid
when a plant has been placed in a more concentrated solution and water leaves the cell.
active transport
the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION.
diffusion (gradient)
particles move DOWN the concentration gradient.
osmosis (gradient)
particles move DOWN the concentration gradient.
active transport (gradient)
particles move AGAINST the concentration gradient.
alveoli
found in the lungs, exchange oxygen.
villi
found in the intestines
plant exchange surfaces
root hair cells and leaves
leaves
absorb Co2 from the air
root hair cells
absorb water and minerals
levels of organisation
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
list some organelles
nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria
list some cells
muscle cells, glandular cells: these are both specialised from the organelles
tissues
tissues form from groups of cells, e.g. muscle tissue.
organs
A GROUP OF TISSUES WORKING TG TO FORM AND ORGAN “hands in the middle, team we can do this!” ahh tissues 😭🙏
organ systems
e.g. digestive system, reproductive sytem.
last but DEFINITELY not least.
organism
percentage change
change in value ÷ og value 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
alveoli
the site of gas exchange
single circulatory system
when the blood is pumped from the heart to the gills, where it becomes oxygenated, which it then takes to the organs.
what is the problem with single circulatory systems?
the blood loses a lot of pressure as it passes through the gills, before reaching the organs.
what are the four heart chambers
left atrium, right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
valves
how the atria are separated
how does the circulatory system work?
vena cava
brings in deoxygenated blood from the body
the heart passes from the blood to the lungs in the PULMONARY ARTERY
the heart passes from the blood to the lungs in the PULMONARY ARTERY
aorta
pumps blood from the heart to the body
conc of gasses
gasses have HIGH concentration gradients
breathing INCREASES rate of diffusion
breathing INCREASES rate of diffusion
what does respiration give
energy
equation for respiration
glucose + oxygen = Co2 + water (this process releases energy)
how do plants respire if there isn’t enough oxygen?
anaerobic respiration
lipids (FT)
sudan III
lipids (colours)
if they are present, a RED layer should appear
sugars (FT)
benedict’s solution
sugars (colous)
if they are present, it should change GREEN/YELLOW/BLUE
starch (FT)
iodine test
starch (colours)
if they are present it turns BLUE
proteins (FT)
biuret solution
proteins (colours)
if they are present it turns PINK/PURPLE
what do enzymes in the digestive system do?
break down large food molecules to smaller food molecules.
step1 digestive system
enzymes in the saliva digest starch into sugar molecules
step2 digestive system
food goes down the oesophagus
step3 digestive system
hydrochloric acid + enzymes break down proteins in the stomach, stomach churns.
step4 digestive system
goes to the small intestine and then poo poo
what does bile do?
It is is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps with digestion by breaking down fats into fatty acids.
enzymes catalyse reactions.
enzymes catalyse reactions.
what does the enzyme break down?
the substrate
starch enzyme
amylase
lipid enzyme
glycerol
where does the enzyme attach to?
the active site
why does anaerobic respiration release less energy?
because oxidation isn’t complete.
what is the upper/lower outside layer of the plant tissue?
upper epidermal/lower epidermal
what does the upper epidermal look like?
it is transparent so that light can pass through.
what does the waxy cuticle do?
prevents the leaf from drying out and reduces water loss.
what is the stomata?
tiny pores that only let in Co2 and water.
when does the stomata open?
during the day when there is light. when the guard cells are turgid, stomata open.
what does the xylem do?
transports water from the roots to stems and leaves.
what does the phloem do?
transports dissolved sugars.
what is translocation?
movement of sugars in the phloem.
where is meristem tissue found?
in the shoots and roots.
what is transpiration?
when water evaporates through the surface of the leaves. it also transports mineral ions.
what affects transpiration?
it is faster in hot/dry weather.
what is photosynthesis?
an endothermic reaction.
Note 
Flashcard (237)