if you want something done, do it urself. (bio mock)

revenge/academic comeback/i see red when im angry

eukaryotic cells

animal and plant cells

prokaryotic cells

bacteria

prokaryotic cells are smaller

prokaryotic cells are smaller

stage

where u put the microscope slide

3 different objective lenses

4x, 10x, 40x

what r the screws on the microscope called? heh… are u screwing with me? 😈

coarse focus and fine focus

total magnification

mag of eyepiece lens x mag of objective lens

nucleus

contains the genetic material of the cell

cytoplasm

watery solution where chemical reactions occur

cell membrane

controls molecules entering and leaving the cells gaff. basically the bouncer of the cell.

mitochondria

the site of aerobic respiration

ribosomes

the site of protein synthesis

permanent vacuole (only in plant cells)

filled with cell sap, helps the plant keep its shape 💪

chloroplasts (only in plant cells)

the site of photosynthesis

cell wall (only in plant cells)

contains cellulose, strengthens the cell

why is a prokaryotic cell quirkier than a eukaryotic?

prokaryotic genetic material is NOT enclosed in a nucleus. it js romes free.

specialised cells

cells that have gone through differentiation, giving them special adaptations. some would call it… superpowers 😅

what adaptations do plant cells have?

xylem. phloem and root hair cells

what adaptations do animal cells have?

sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells

chromosomes are paired

chromosomes are paired

DNA

what are chromosomes made of?

genes

what do chromosomes carry?

by mitosis

how cells divide?

stage one of mitosis

the DNA replicates

stage two of mitosis

the nucleus divides

stage three of mitosis

the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

end result of mitosis

TWO IDENTICAL CELLS ARE FORMED each has two pairs of chromosomes.

stem cells

an undifferentiated cell, it therefore has the ability to differentiate and form any specialised cell. heh..freaky.

where are stem cells found in da hooman? derp, bleh! uwu XD

in the bone marrow, brain, blood cells and skin.

meristem tissue

can differentiate into any plant tissue.

meristem (clo)

what you can use to clone plants

roots and buds

where meristem tissue is found.

diffusion

the movement of particles in and out of a call from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

temp in diffusion

the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion.

osmosis

the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane.

turgid

when a plant cell is filled with water, and expanded due to the cell wall preventing it from bursting.

flaccid

when a plant has been placed in a more concentrated solution and water leaves the cell.

active transport

the movement of dissolved molecules into or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from LOWER CONCENTRATION TO HIGHER CONCENTRATION.

diffusion (gradient)

particles move DOWN the concentration gradient.

osmosis (gradient)

particles move DOWN the concentration gradient.

active transport (gradient)

particles move AGAINST the concentration gradient.

alveoli

found in the lungs, exchange oxygen.

villi

found in the intestines

plant exchange surfaces

root hair cells and leaves

leaves

absorb Co2 from the air

root hair cells

absorb water and minerals

levels of organisation

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

list some organelles

nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria

list some cells

muscle cells, glandular cells: these are both specialised from the organelles

tissues

tissues form from groups of cells, e.g. muscle tissue.

organs

A GROUP OF TISSUES WORKING TG TO FORM AND ORGAN “hands in the middle, team we can do this!” ahh tissues 😭🙏

organ systems

e.g. digestive system, reproductive sytem.

last but DEFINITELY not least.

organism

percentage change

change in value ÷ og value 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎

alveoli

the site of gas exchange

single circulatory system

when the blood is pumped from the heart to the gills, where it becomes oxygenated, which it then takes to the organs.

what is the problem with single circulatory systems?

the blood loses a lot of pressure as it passes through the gills, before reaching the organs.

what are the four heart chambers

left atrium, right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

valves

how the atria are separated

how does the circulatory system work?

vena cava

brings in deoxygenated blood from the body

the heart passes from the blood to the lungs in the PULMONARY ARTERY

the heart passes from the blood to the lungs in the PULMONARY ARTERY

aorta

pumps blood from the heart to the body

conc of gasses

gasses have HIGH concentration gradients

breathing INCREASES rate of diffusion

breathing INCREASES rate of diffusion

what does respiration give

energy

equation for respiration

glucose + oxygen = Co2 + water (this process releases energy)

how do plants respire if there isn’t enough oxygen?

anaerobic respiration

lipids (FT)

sudan III

lipids (colours)

if they are present, a RED layer should appear

sugars (FT)

benedict’s solution

sugars (colous)

if they are present, it should change GREEN/YELLOW/BLUE

starch (FT)

iodine test

starch (colours)

if they are present it turns BLUE

proteins (FT)

biuret solution

proteins (colours)

if they are present it turns PINK/PURPLE

what do enzymes in the digestive system do?

break down large food molecules to smaller food molecules.

step1 digestive system

enzymes in the saliva digest starch into sugar molecules

step2 digestive system

food goes down the oesophagus

step3 digestive system

hydrochloric acid + enzymes break down proteins in the stomach, stomach churns.

step4 digestive system

goes to the small intestine and then poo poo

what does bile do?

It is is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps with digestion by breaking down fats into fatty acids.

enzymes catalyse reactions.

enzymes catalyse reactions.

what does the enzyme break down?

the substrate

starch enzyme

amylase

lipid enzyme

glycerol

where does the enzyme attach to?

the active site

why does anaerobic respiration release less energy?

because oxidation isn’t complete.

what is the upper/lower outside layer of the plant tissue?

upper epidermal/lower epidermal

what does the upper epidermal look like?

it is transparent so that light can pass through.

what does the waxy cuticle do?

prevents the leaf from drying out and reduces water loss.

what is the stomata?

tiny pores that only let in Co2 and water.

when does the stomata open?

during the day when there is light. when the guard cells are turgid, stomata open.

what does the xylem do?

transports water from the roots to stems and leaves.

what does the phloem do?

transports dissolved sugars.

what is translocation?

movement of sugars in the phloem.

where is meristem tissue found?

in the shoots and roots.

what is transpiration?

when water evaporates through the surface of the leaves. it also transports mineral ions.

what affects transpiration?

it is faster in hot/dry weather.

what is photosynthesis?

an endothermic reaction.