P315 Exam 4

growth

brain development, identity, family, health patterns

maintenance

physical health, social relationships, identities

regulation of loss

friendships, family, connections, identities

emerging adulthood

transition from adolescence to adulthoodho

emerging adulthood age

18-25

young adulthood age

25-30

period of identity formation more so than adolescence

true; identity exploration, especially in relationships and work

age of possibilities

a time of opportunity to transform their lives

physical aspects of early adulthood

\-physical performance and development occurs btwn 19 and 26

\-muscle tone and strength tend to begin to show signs of decline around 30

\-mylenation of prefrontal cortex\~age 25

health habits

increase in bad health habits

\-addiction/dependence develops in chronic drug/alcohol misuse

\-patterns evolve from adolescent/college binge consumption

positive health behavior=

positive life satisfaction

premorbid-10

mild motor, cognitive and social impariments

prodromal-20

unusual psychotic like behaviors

onset/deterioration

positive, negative, cognitive and mood symptoms

chronic/residual-40-50

positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms

markers of adulthood

\-full time employment

\-economic dependence, setting up household

\-taking responsibility for oneself

\-varies by culture: example Israel military service

\

work/life balance

\-adults at this stage spend 1/3 of their lives at work

unemployment

produces stress, increased problems: physical, mental/emotional, relationship difficulties, and violence

adolescence unitl the 30’s

extensive elimination of synapses in the human cerebral cortex

schizophrenia

1% higher in first degree relatives; higher in low SES, minorities, urban areas

schizophrenia onset

men: late teens to mid 20’s

women: late 20s/early 30s

is schizophrenia more severe in the males?

yes

polygenic model of schizophrenia

more than 100 genes contribute to the predisposition to schizo

\-we inherit a vulnerability

pre-natal cannabinol exposure

exposure during adolescence linked to psychosis

physical fitness helps with stress management

exercise, social support, healthy eating/sleeping

corrosive nature of stress

the time of life to develop healthy habits that prevent loss at later stages of development

\-cardiovascular health

\-friendships

\-sleep hygiene

how many people currently use alcohol?

\~50%

binge drinking

23%

how many people are dependent on alc?

15 million; males>female

highest prevalence rate of alcohol and drug use

\-emerging adults highest among non-college educated

\-young adults are greatest proportion of US treatment admissions

friendships in adulthood

friendships provide things family relationships don’t

\-optional, chosen, achieved

\-similar in age

\-can select and replace

family relationships

obligatory

\-cannot chose to replace siblings and parents

\-family members from different generations

are there more cross-gender friendships?

yes; but they still prefer the same gender

gender differences

women- more close friends; more intimate; talk more

men- more competitive; engage in activities

post formla thought

cognition in early adulthood is different; an **extension** to piaget’s formal operations:

\-reflective, relativisitc, and contextual

\-provisional

\-realistic

\-recognized as being influenced by emotion

\-integration of emotion and cognition, emotional control unites feeling and logic

personality stabilizes in adulthood

\-consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college year, to .64 at age 30

\-greater environmental stability reduces opportunities to change; fewer changes leads to increased stability in our personalities

\-some personality traits linked with stability as temperament and personality converge

Erickson stage for early adulthood?

intimacy vs isolation

intimacy

finding oneself while losing oneself in another person

\-failure to achieve intImacy results in **social isolation**

intimacy vs independence

finding a balance between intimacy and commitment, and independence and freedom

family life cycle transitions

marriage, becoming parents, parent-infant interaction, the empty nest, grand parenting

marriage

about 85-90% of adults in US marry

has the average rate of marriage decreased or increased?

increased

attraction and choice

first impressions have primacy

familiarity and similarity

consensual validation

our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s are similar to ours

matching hypothesis

we choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness

homophily

we like those who are like ourselves

genetics:assortative mating

mating/sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under a random mating pattern

tradtional marriage market

work, church, friendship networks have fewer available; LGBTQ now begin this way

infant attachment predicts emotional regulation in adult relationship conflict

coded 3 emotion regulation strategies

balanced regulation

open, approach-orientated and engaging in collaborative problem solving

hypo-regulation

suppressive emotions, disengaging from close other, and engaging in superficial problem solving

hyper-regulation

exaggerating emotional expressions, ruminating and being self focused in processing issues

compared to stable secure infants, stable insecure infants displayed

worse balanced-regulation and greater hypo-regulation stradegies

unstable insecure infants displayed

greater hyper-regulation strategies, in relationship threatening situations 20-35 years later

adult lifestyles include

marriage, cohabiting, single

single adults

\-forming intimate relationships

\-confronting relationships

\-finding a place in society that is marriage-oreinted

cohabiting adults

\-living together in a sexual relationship without being married

\-reasons for cohabiting

\-lower marital satisfaction

\-increased likelihood of divorce

marriage

typically a happy time

\-adjustment is required

happily married

\-live longer, healthier lives

\-feel less physical and emotional stress

\-increased financial resources(lose at divorce)

delay and decline in marriage

since 1960, the age at first marriage has increased and the proportion of adults who will ever marry has decline

rise in cohabitation

since 1960, cohabitation rates in the US increased rabidly, across all demographic groups

middle adulthood age

40-65 years

ecological changes

chronosphere micro/meso/macro system relationships

threshold age

awareness of the young-old polarity

in middle adult hood we move from

growth to maintenance and regulation of loss

awareness if the polarity

\-we are now confronted with physical deterioration and crossing the threshold

\-consequences of lifestyle choices such as sun protection, smoking, diet, and **decline in bone density (women in particular)**

rising death rates in MA

middle aged have higher than expected drug poisonings, suicides, and alcohol-related liver diseases

between 1999 and 2014

suicide among Americans aged 35-64 years increased 33.6%; an increase of suicide in males aged 50-54

suicide largest percentage in women

60-64 years

most common stressors/events preceding death

\-intimate partner/relationships 34%

\-job/financial problems 29.4

\-physical health problems 28.3

\-family problems 18.3

\-criminal/legal problems 15

when has our personality largely stabilized?

50-70

when does strength and agility begin to decline?

20s and 30s

perimenopause

**transitional period** from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods-may include hot flashes, sleep and memory disorders, mood dysregualtion

what is the average age for menopause?

51

what happens during menopause?

changes in FSH stops ovulation, menstruation stop

\-men fertility declines, sperm quality declines

age related physical loss

nervous system changes as a result apoptosis, endocrine changes, affect strength and mobility

osteopenia

decline in bone density

sarcopenia

decline in muscle fiber number and size

strength training is a countermeasure

true

muscle atrophy

results in impaired mechanical muscle performance: reduced maximal muscle strength power, and rate of force development

menopause/andropause(“manopause”)

hormonal changes affect reproduction, and the whole body

\-weight gain

\-elongation and general sagging

\-thining of hair and gray

\-slowed metabolism

follicular stimulating hormone regulates energy homeostasis

loss of bone density and increased body fat is due to high FSH levels

fertility is a what?

a key factor in attraction; sex hormones make us hotter

fertility markers include

smooth, clear skin

critical middle age checks

cardiovascular blood tests, colonoscopy at 50, skin for skin cancers, prostrate/breast, dental/gums

decrease in fluidity

increases in crystallized intelligence

midlife crisis

triggered by life events such as job loss, divorce, financial problems, physical illness and normal changes

PAL

tests ability to learn word pairs

the U shaped happiness curve

happiness declines with age for about two decades from early adulthood up until roughly the middle age years, and then turns upward and increases with age

erikson stage for middle adulthood

generativity vs stagnation

generativity

desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation, through family/reproduction, work/volunteer activities

domains include

biological, parental, work, and cultural generatively

religiosity increases in late 50’s

true; religious is linked to positive health

roy baumeister

need for purpose, values, sense of self-efficacy, self worth

when is AA most effective?

age 50

population pyramid became rectangular

\-decreased infant mortality decreased fertility

\-older people living longer

\-aging boomer demographic shift

what is the life expectancy now?

77\.8 years; in 2000 it was 78.74

do women life longer than men?

men 75.1 and women 80.5

primary aging

complex process of age related structural and functional over time

secondary aging

age related declines that are pathological and result from extrinsic factors