Unit 3 Study Guide

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18 Terms

1
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Describe the energy pyramid and energy transfer at different levels.

Energy pyramid shows energy transfer between trophic levels, with only about 10% transferred up and much lost as heat.

2
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Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem.

Energy flows from plants to herbivores, then to carnivores, with 10% passing up each trophic level.

3
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Where is most of Earth's carbon stored?

Most of Earth's carbon is stored in rocks and sediments

4
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What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Nitrogen cycle?

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which plants use to make organic molecules.

5
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How does nitrogen cycle after being converted to ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Plants take up the ammonia and use it to make organic molecules in the Nitrogen cycle.

6
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Briefly outline the phosphorus cycle.

Phosphorus moves through rocks, soil, and living organisms in the phosphorus cycle.

7
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Summarize the water cycle.

Water cycles through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and rivers in the water cycle.

8
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What is the main process in the oxygen cycle?

Oxygen cycles between plants producing it and animals using it in the oxygen cycle.

9
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What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration needs oxygen and releases more energy slowly, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy quickly.

10
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Give examples of processes related to aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Examples of aerobic respiration include human muscle activity and plant respiration. Examples of anaerobic respiration include alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

11
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Where do light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, while light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.

12
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What is the function of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions use light energy to produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

13
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What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?

Inputs: water, carbon dioxide, sunlight; Outputs: glucose, oxygen.

14
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Describe the overall equation for cellular respiration. What are the inputs and outputs?

Equation: Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + energy.

15
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Name the special type of photosynthesis some organisms do based on their environment.

Some organisms perform CAM photosynthesis based on their habitat

16
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What process occurs when the body lacks oxygen during exercise? Provide an example.

Anaerobic respiration occurs, like lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells during intense exercise.

17
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What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis, including ATP produced?

Inputs: glucose; Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

18
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Explain the structure and functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria in brief.

Chloroplasts use sunlight to produce glucose and store H+ ions, while mitochondria break down glucose to ATP and release CO2.