S1.1.1 - Elements, compounds and mixtures

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atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of said element.

matter

A substance that has both mass and volume; typically classified as solid, liquid or gas.

pure substance

Consist of only one type of substance: either an element or a compound. Fixed composition

mixtures

Composed of more than one element or compound not in a fixed ratio, which are not chemically bonded.

allotropes

Alternative forms of an elemental substance in the same physical state

Compounds

Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more different elements chemically combined in fixed ratios.

homogeneous

A type of mixture that a uniform composition and no visible phases or boundaries.

heterogeneous

A type of mixture with a non-uniform composition with visible phases or boundaries.

Filtration

Separates insoluble solid from liquid or solution

Evaporation

Separates mixture with solute dissolved in solvent

Solvation

Separates heterogeneous mixture of solids based on solubility

Distillation

Separates liquid mixture by boiling point differences

Paper Chromatography

Separates a mixture of solutes in a solvent.
Mixture is dissolved in a solvent (mobile phase) and placed on chromatography paper (stationary phase).
Components move at different rates due to differences in solvation

Recrystallisation

Removes impurities from a solid using solubility differences

Absolute Zero

Lowest possible temperature, 0 K or -273°C

Freezing Point of Water

Temperature at which water freezes, 0°C or 273 K

Temperature During Melting

Remains constant to overcome intermolecular forces

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

moving particles in a gas or liquid do not all travel with the same velocity — The distribution of kinetic energies is shown by a Maxwell-Boltzmann curve
since number of particles will stay the same the area under the graph does not change