WW1

Woodrow Wilson

US President during WW1 (1913-1921)

Russia Economy

Pockets of industrial growth. Population grew faster than land taken.

Germany

Increase in technology and economy as well as a position in chemical and steel production (2nd only to US). Focused on the construction of railways to allow easier trade.

Naval Arms Race

Germany began manufacturing 17 warships in 7 years. Britain took it as a threat and began manufacturing the HMS Dreadnought, which nullified the existing navy because of its indestructibility.

Russia

Had 1.6 million soldiers ready for battle. Was able to mobilize very quickly

Militarism

Countries boosted their military power and concentrated their finances on the military, which contributed to the arms race and rising tensions.

Fascism

(Germany, Italy) dictatorial form of political ideology where the leader and country are thought to be supreme over the people.

Schlieffen plan

In case of the outbreak of war, the Germans would attack the French first and then Russia.

Antisemitism

Hostility and prejudice against Jews, also known as history's oldest hatred.

Social Darwinism

The idea that some people in society become more powerful because they are naturally better: "Survival of the fittest" applied to humans

First Balkan War (1912)

Balkan alliance took over part of Turkey; but a deal was made to create Albania and separate Serbia from the sea.

Second Balkan War (1913)

Bulgaria lost land to Serbia and Greece. Austria-Hungary restrained by Germany.

Weltpolitik Plan

Germany's policy to dominate Europe; caused fear amongst other nations

July Crisis

Ferdinand assassinated

Second Moroccan (Agadir) Crisis (1911)

France sent troops to Morocco; Germany demanded the French Congo. Britain stepped in and Germany conceded to two strips of territory. Strengthened the entente.

Niall Ferguson (Historian)

British involvement in international matters was unnecessary/ lead to war because of its misinterpretations of German ambitions.

Gerhard Hirschfeld (Historian)

Long before the war, Prussian-German conservative elites were convinced that a European war would help to fulfill Germany's ambitions for colonies and for military as well as political prestige in the world.

SB Fay and HC Barnes (Historians)

France and Russian land objectives led to WW1

Bosnian Crisis (1905)

Germany + Austria-Hungary invaded Turkey, went to war with Serbia. Russia was weakened by Japan and ended balkan alliance, strengthening central powers.

Moroccan Crisis (1905)

France could take over Morocco in exchange for British recognition of Egypt. Germany tried to break up Britain and France by defending the Moroccan Sultan. Britain backed France, to Germany's surprise. War was now considered possible.

Alliances

Triple Entente- Russia, France, Britain. Germany felt encircled

Triple Alliance- Ottoman Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary

Liberalism

(French) a political and social philosophy that promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise

Black Hand

Rebel group with two aims to protect the rights of Slavic people in the region and to drive Austria-Hungary out of the Balkans. in charge of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo- this event tipped europe into war

Young Turks

Overthrowing of Abdul Hamid in Ottoman Empire in 1908, young Turks wanted to decentralize the government.

Imperialism

Extending a country's power through gaining territory by using military force

What did John Keegan say about pre WW1?

Lack of political communication during the July Crisis was crucial to the start WW1

Women's Suffrage Movement

US Women's fight for the right to vote. Started 1848, ended 1920.

Republicanism

Theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens in the common good of the community.

Russian Industry

Industrial workers- strike action demonstrated against the regime ( long hours and inadequate pay)

Pre revolution-(imperial structure) Upper class controlled nearly everything, causing a majority of people to live in poverty with little support

Nationalism

The belief that your country is superior to others and actions should be taken to enhance its power

What did Dr Heather Jones say about pre WW1?

Assassinations were common before 1914 and didn´t result in war. Austria-Hungary saw the assassination as an excuse to conquer/destroy Serbia.

What did Fritz Fischer say about pre WW1?

Germany wanted war in small conflict to achieve a more powerful position in Europe. Germany instigated the July Crisis which eventually caused general war

James Joll (Historian)

Impersonal tensions, capitalism, alliances, and international anarchy, in Europe led to long and short term conflict. The july crisis was most influential in the start of wwi.

Sir Richard J Evans (Historian)

Serbia holds the most responsibility for ww1, their nationalism and expansionism were disruptive forces.

Eric Hobsbawn (Historian)

Capitalist drive for markets, raw materials, cheap labor, outlets for static investment, and periodic overproduction crisis lead to imperialism and increased tensions that would cause the war.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary royalty- assasination on June 28, 1914 which led to the start of WW1

Democracies pre WW1

Britain, France, Italy, US

Autocracies pre WW1

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

David Lloyd George

Britain's Prime Minister during the war

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany before and during WW1

Raymond Poincaré

France's prime minister who determined the policy that led France to WW1

Russia's political structure

Withdrew from the war and in October 1917 adopted a communist government

Austria-Hungary political structure

Dual monarchy- had the same emperor & shared an army, but had separate governments

Ottoman Empire political structure

Despotism: exercise of absolute power, in a cruel and oppressive way

Tsar Nicholas II

Russia's leader (1894-1917)

Giovanni Giolitti

Italy's leader 1903-1914

Ottoman Empire's leader

Abdülhamid II ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1876, but a revolutionary group, the Young Turks, arises in opposition to his regime

Modernization

Many countries developed quickly through Naval power and railway transport. The development of steam engines allowed for transport from cities to mines.

Armistice

On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 the brutal fighting on the western front ended. The first major step to ending WW1.

Treaty of Versailles

The Western Front was a significant factor in shaping the post-war settlement, particularly the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh terms on Germany, leading to lasting consequences for the country and the world.

Tanks

Invented by England in 1915. Poor mobility, speed, mechanical problems. Widely used.

Mustard Gas

It was invented by the Germans and first used in 1917, and was the most popular gas on the Western Front. Caused temporary blindness, skin and lung irritation, and high sensitivity to the gas in the future.

Machine Gun

Invented by Americans in 1884 primarily used by Germans and the British. An automatic weapon that could fire 600 rounds per minute at a range of 4500 yards. Responsible for 25% of deaths in WW1.

Torpedoes

Used mostly by Germany. Effective against shipping and submarines, but had low submerge speed and limited range underwater.

Depth Charges

Invented by the British to defend against U-boats.

Grenades

Invented by the British as a way to clear the trenches before attacking. Overall, I didn't help too often with charges.

U-Boat

It was invented by the Germans 1903, and was their most effective form of naval battleships. U-boat attacks brought the US into the war, and were very effective in blockading and threatening Allied trade.

Mines

Used by both sides, planted in no-man's land to make travel between trenches more treacherous. Had enormous impacts on the land after the war, as it was hard to tell where they were and they were difficult to remove.

Barbed wire

Used by both sides as protection between trenches and no-mans land. Helped to hold up stalemate, and made it harder for troops to attack the trenches behind them.

Mortars

Invented by the British, they could be fired from the safety of trenches and were effective at taking out enemy posts and snipers. The most successful type could fire 20 bombs a minute from a range of 1100 meters.

Flamethrower

First invented by Germany in 1900 (accepted into the German army in 1911). Effective against fortifications and trenches, but had limited range and duration of fire.

Who was John J. Pershing?

Lead US General during World War I

Chlorine Gas

First gas introduced to the war, invented by the Germans. Causes lung and skin irritation, has a yellow-green color.

Phosgene Gas

Gas first introduced by the Germans but ended up being used more commonly by the Allies. Causes lungs to fill with liquid a few days after exposure, invisible to the naked eye, but smells like moldy hay.

Fighter jets

Made by the British, artillery allowed for bombs, shrapnel, and poison gas to be shot at enemies. These firings could destroy troop concentrations and would allow good cover fire for advancing troops.

Who was Vittorio Emanuele Orlando?

Prime Minister of Italy from 1917-1919

Who was Luigi Cardorna?

General of Italy during World War I

Who was Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini?

Dictator of Italy during the latter part of World War I

Who was Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre?

General of France during World War I

Who was Georges Clemenceau?

French Minister of War during World War I

When did the armistice occur?

On the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918.

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A message intercepted from Germany urging Mexico to invade the US.

Zeppelin

Used by Germans to carry bombs and perform raids. Used to photograph enemy territory. They had no defense against fighter jets.

What are snipers?

Sharpshooters armed with effective guns.

What are U-boats?

German submarines used to destroy enemy merchant vessels.

What role did planes play in WWI?

Initially used for spying, later used in dog fights.

What were the British and German battleships used for?

Mass-produced ships used in combat.

What are zeppelins?

Long airships used for bombing and scouting.

How did the Communists come to power in Russia?

The Communists came to power through a military coup in Nov 1917.

Economy in Germany after ww1

Hyperinflation of their currency, trade with allies stopped. Reparations dug into their already small savings, and the great depression in Europe (1929) weakened the currency further.

Economy In the Ottoman Empire after ww1

The Ottoman empire split up into multiple different countries after the war, so their economy was rendered invalid.

Political systems in Germany after ww1

There was a big rise in socialism and the creation of the Weimar republic.

Social systems in Germany after ww1

There was a large rise in social unrest due to the great depression and extreme unemployment rates.

Impacts of the treaty of Versailles on Germany

Limited Military power and size, lost land, had to pay reparations severe, war guilt clause

How did diplomacy change as a result of WWI?

Diplomacy changed due to the creation and dissolution of states, as well as increased international cooperation through the League of Nations.

What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Peace treaty signed between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers signed March 3, 1918

What is the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye?

Treaty signed by Austria and twenty-seven Allied and associated countries to end World War I for the successor states of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Sept 10, 1919

Imperial competition

Rivalry between empires for power and resources.

New borders

Changed boundaries after the war, leading to territorial disputes.

Imperial competition

Rivalry between empires for power and resources.

New borders

Changed boundaries after the war, leading to territorial disputes.

Increased tension

Growing conflict and hostility between different ethnic groups.

What is the Treaty of Sevres?

Pact between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire to dismantle and give up claims to territory in North Africa and the Middle East

German Colonies in Africa

(divided as a result of the Treaty of Versailles):Cameroon was divided between France and Britain; Togo was mostly taken by British, France got a small portion

German East Africa

was given to Belgium and divided into Rwanda and Burundi

German South-West Africa (now Namibia)

given to South Africa

Japan

Gained Pacific islands (formerly controlled by Germany)

Russian Empire

Collapsed ; Created Poland, the Baltics, and Finland The Baltics