ES CHAPTER 1-4

Ecosystem Services

The earth’s natural environment provides for its residents by way of?

Economics

This refers to the goods and services derived from the environment create the products and commodities mobilized in the social infrastructure.

Environment and the economy

are intrinsically linked.

Ecosystem Services

Without these, there would be no economy.

Economy

relies on the production, distribution, and consumption of the natural products, in whatever form it is deemed valuable.

Sustainable Economy

is one which embodies “living within its means”- an economy that is disinclined in depleting resources and conscientiously uses resources that the environment is able to replenish.

Sustainable Economy

It is an economy that leads to outcomes desirable to be left as legacy for children and their future children.

Green Economy

A sustainable economy can be achieved in the form of?

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

defines green economy as “economy that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.

Green Economy Coalition

describes green economy as “resilient economy that provides a better quality of life for all within the ecological limits of the planet.”

Sustainable Economy

is achieved through sustainable practices of consumption and production

The environmental movement/environment

It collectively refers to the world created by nature, interfacing with human societies and man-made structures.

Raw Materials>Production>Distribution>Consumption>Investments>Trade

Economic activities

Protect Natural Resources
Creates Sustainable Meaning

Goal of environmental movement

Defects
Overproduction
Waiting Time
Non Utilize Talent
Transportation
Inventory
Motion
Extra Processing

8 Waste in Manufacturing

Sort
Set in Order
Shine
Standardized
Sustain

What are the 5s cyclical methodology?

Silent Spring

This book was written by Rachel Carson in 1962 was regarded as a symbolic warning for the future of humanity.

Silent Spring

It marked a turning point for the public, as economic expansion led to air pollution that increased health risks, water pollution from wastes deposited into the oceans, and alarming declines in animal populations.

1967

1^st list of Endangered Species released

1963

Clean Air Act

1969

Cuyahoga River catches fire

1972

DDT banned in U.S.

1978

Energy Tax Act

1965

Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act

1970

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration created

April 22, 1970

Natural Environmental Policy Act 1^st earth day

1969

Santa Barbara oil spill

1962

Silent Spring published

1963

Stewart Udall’s “Quiet Crisis” published

1976

Toxic Substances Control Act

1965

Water Quality Act

1960

Worldwide levels of carbon dioxide climb

Environmentalism

In the United States, the ‘60s to ’70s decade marked the most proactive era of this.

Environmentalism

During this time, the Congress created the first Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and passed numerous laws promoting wildlife protection and controlling pollution.

Environmentalism

Scientific studies were funded to elaborate that causes and possible mitigation measures for environmental phenomena, such as acid rain, the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA Meaning

Environmentalism

It focused on protecting the environment conserving natural resources and promoting sustainability.

Environmentalism

Organizations and advocacy groups like the Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth were formed, acting as civil guardians of environmental well-being.

International Cooperation

is acknowledged as necessary in dealing with environmental affairs

Multilateral Agreements

As such, conventions are ratified by multiple nationalities; hence they are also referred to as?

Civil Society Organizations

The increase in civic consciousness also led to the emergence of this focused on local and global environmental concerns.

Environmental Policies

The environmental movement that gathered steam in the 1960s set the stage for real and tangible movement and environmental management.

Environmental Policies

Starting with the formulation of this, government bodies firmly took action and began playing an active role in environmental governance

Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Waste Production
Food Supply Problem
Biodiversity Depletion

What are the major environmental problems?

Environmental Policy

is a statement of commitment to the laws and regulations related to environmental management.

Environmental Policy

In a state, it refers to the deliberate actions taken to manage the activities of the population within that state in order to prevent, reduce, or alleviate any harmful effects on nature and its natural resources.

Environmental Policy

It is essentially a road map of the government outlining the objective and the corresponding course of action.

Environmental Policy

These policies are implemented by governments through various environmental policy instruments like multilateral agreements, proclamations, and economic incentives.

The Sustainability Principle
The Polluter Pays Principle
The Precautionary Principle

Fundamental Principles

The Participation Principle
The Equity Principle
Human Rights Principle

The other 3 principles

The Sustainablity Principle

This principle emphasizes the concept of this as a means to avert a global ecological crisis.

The Sustainability Principle

Environmentalists assert that human exponential growth is not sustainable because the planet is finite and thus can support only a limited number

The Sustainability Principle

it is a call for ecological sustainability to maintain the health of the planet in order to continue providing life support systems for humans

The Polluter Pays Principle

In the 1970s, the initial trend in formulating legislation targeted corporations and businesses which contribute to the production of polluting materials.

The Polluter Pays Principle

In the 1972 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), it was recommended that all national governments should not subsidize pollution control, instead let the companies take responsibility for it.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

OECD Meaning

The Polluter Pays Principle

Thus, the cost of the goods and services should include the cost of pollution control necessary for the industry.

The Polluter Pays Principle

is an ethical principle, emphasizing fairness in the international trade, as well as responsibility in businesses.

The Precautionary Principle

was first recognized in 1982 at the World Charter for Nature.

The Precautionary Principle

Up to the point, governments tended to focus its intervention through remedial action of past or ongoing negative environmental impact.

The Precautionary Principle

This principle strives to curtail further harm to the environment through EIA and risk evaluations done in advance of the proposed activities.

The Precautionary Principle

If the studies find any potential harm, appropriate action is expected to be prepared and enacted to prevent it from happening.

The Participation Principle

outlines the involvement of the general public as a stakeholder in any environmental decision that might affect them.

The Participation Principle

It is a mandatory for new project to have an environmental impact statement (EIS) displayed for the public for consultation purposes.

Environmental Impact Statement

EIS Meaning

Environmental Impact Assessment

EIA Meaning

The Participation Principle

This provides an opportunity for concerned civilians or groups to have their voices heard by government agencies who will be deciding whether the project proceeds or not.

The Equity Principle

refers to intergenerational equity, or justice and fairness to future generations.

The Equity Principle

Formalized in the 1980 World Conservation Strategy, this principle calls for the “the management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations.”

The Equity Principle/Equity

is pushing sustainable practices such that the positive outcomes experienced by the present generation might also be experienced by future generations.

Human Rights Principle

the notion of human rights was incorporated within the context of environmental management.

Human Rights Principle

Environmental protection was deemed necessary to this such as rights to life, health, and wellbeing.

Human Rights Principle

This principle highlights the need for environmental protection as a way to safeguard human rights and that human rights are to be considered in the formulation of environmental policies

Sustainability
Stewarship
Sound Science

Three Unifying Themes

The Unifying Themes

These themes translate to three action plans that have to be undertaken to heal the planet of its environmental woes.

Sound Science

is necessary in order to understand the environment.

Sustainability

is vital for maintaining the productivity of the environment.

“Sustainable”

was first used to define the limits to the exploitation of biologically renewable resources, such as fisheries, forest, and groundwater

Sustainability

harvesting at the rate that saplings are planted or groundwater pumping rates should not exceed the rate by which the aquifers are replenished.

Economic Sphere
Social Sphere
Ecological Sphere

three spheres of sustainability

Economic Sphere

the focus in the growth of businesses and economic infrastructures which is dependent on the world’s stock of natural resources or the natural capital.

Social Sphere

is where cultural forms and community infrastructures or the social capital comes in.

Ecological Sphere

represents the ecologist’s point of view which revolves around the preservation of the environment.

Ecological Sphere

is in place to ensure that the economic and social sphere respect the integrity of the environment as it will be providing for the two other spheres in the long-term.

Sound Science

In order to create solutions for problems, the problems have to be analyzed in a valid and reliable manner.

Scientific Method

is an important tool that methodically test ideas and assesses data to answer scientific questions.

Scientific Inquiry

is a powerful way to understand nature.

Sound Science

This is called to the knowledge obtained through the scientific method which has been subjected to the peer review process by the scientific community

Stewardship

the collective responsibility for environmental quality by all whose actions affect the environment.

Stewardship

It refers to protecting the environment through recycling, conservation, regeneration, and restoration.

Stewardship

incorporates an ethic that guides decision-making of individuals to benefit the environment and other human beings.

Doers

are individuals who make time and take action to address an environmental problem.

Stewardship

It acknowledges the fact that humans are but transient beings, and that we have a responsibility to leave a healthy planet for the future generations.

Donors

are the financial backers of an environmental cause. Their contributions can range from donating money to organizing fund raisers.

Practitioners

are the people involved with environmental work in a daily basis.

Practitioners

It is by passion and dedication of environmental stewards that the environment is saved from collapse

Socially Desirable, Ecologically Viable, Economically feasible

3 Sustainable Solutions

Ecological succession

is the process of shaping and molding species composition in a given area over time.

Ecological succession

increase biodiversity in ecosystem