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qualitative research / quantitative research
methods of scientific research < (2)
quantitative research
has individual variables, correlational methods, and experimental & non-experimental
individual variables
variables that describe as they exist naturally
correlational method
method that has no cause & effect
correlational method
can measure 2+ variables for each individual
experimental research
has cause & effects
experimental research
has IV/DV and CG/EG
independent variable
variable in experimental research: the cause and/or manipulated
dependent variable
variable in experimental research: the effect and/or the measured
control group (CG)
group in experimental research that has no treatment
experimental group (EG)
group in experimental research that has treatment
random selection
everyone in the population has equal chance of participating
random assignment
technique to control variables: participants are assigned to different groups, basis of chance
descriptive research
measuring one or more separate variables for each individual with the intent of simply describing the individual variables
descriptive research strategy
descriptive research AKA
graph
consistent patterns in the data are often easier to see if the scores are presented this way
scatter plot
type of graph that has each individual being represented by a point
correlational method
research study that simply measures 2 diff variables for each individual
correlational research strategies
correlational method AKA
correlation
the relationship between 2 variables that is ususally measured and described using a statistic
chi-square test
relationship between categorical values is usually evaluatied using this statistical technique
correlational method
this method does not provide an explanation for the relationship
manipulation / control
2 characteristics that differentiate experiments from other types:
manipulation
experimental researcher manipulates one variable by changing its value from one level to another
control
experimental researcher has to ______ all the variables to make sure theres no other causes
environmental variable / participant variable
2 general categories of variables a researcher must consider:
environmental variable
characteristics of a variable such as lighting, time of day, weather conditions, temperature, place, etc.
participant variable
characteristics of a variable such as age, gender, motivation, and personality that vary from one individual to another
individual differences
individuals who participate in research studies will be different on a wide variety of participant variables. Part of every research study
random assignment / matching / holding them constant
3 basic techniques to control other variables
matching
technique to control variables: ensure groups are equivalent in terms of participant variables and environmental variables
control conditions
demonstrate that the treatment has an effect by showing that the scores in treatment condition are substantially different from the scores in no-treatment condition
control condition
no-treatment condition AKA
experimental condition
treatment condition AKA
placebo treatment
neutral treatment
nonequivalent groups study
involves comparing 2 grps of scores, but researcher has no ability to control which participant go into which grp
nonequivalent groups study
comparing preexisting groups, researcher cannot control assignment of participants and cannot ensure equivalent groups
pre-post study
uses passage of time to create the groups of scores
pre-post study
measure same variable twice for each participant, before and after treatment. But researcher has no control over passage of time and other variables that change with time
quasi-independent variable
independent variable in nonexperimental study
quasi-independent variable
in nonexperimental study, this is used to create the diff grps of scores
