acdec science 1

Which of the following measurements varies MOST across a human's lifetime?

The amount of neural connections

Which type of neuron is LEAST likely to have a long axon?

Interneurons

Which of the following responses is NOT an effect of the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

Increased Tear Production

Where does a neuron USUALLY receive a signal?

The Dendritic Spines

In which two areas is the spinal cord largest?

Their cervical and Lumbar areas

Which does the ventricular system circulate?

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Which of the following cells are NOT variations of glial cells?

Interglia

Which does the ventricular system circulate?

cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following comparisons about the divisions of the peripheral nervous system is NOT accurate?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have different targets

Which pair INCORRECTLY matches a structure to its function?

Thalamus

Microglia function MOST similarly to

Macrophages

The axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron contains

mitochondria

Evidence suggests that hyperactive microglia have a role in neurodegenerative diseases because they cause

Inflammation

Which type of ion channels facilitate chemical synapses?

Voltage-gated calcium channel

Which event occurs at threshold?

Voltage-gated sodium channels open

Medications like Prozac and Zoloft work

By inhibiting reuptake of seratonin

Which of the following methods is NOT a way in which excess neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft?

Mechanical Lysis

Which of the following pairs INCORRECTLY matches the neurotransmitter to its function?

Norepinephrine | regulates motivation

The ions involve in a chemical synapse bind to

Synaptotagmin

Ions are

Atoms with excess or fewer electrons

Which ion pump or channel is crucial in resetting the membrane potential to its resting state?

The sodium-potassium pump

The summation of EPSPs or IPSPs from synapses at multiple different locations across a neuron's dendrites is referred to as

Spatial summation

Ion channels are made of

Protein

The myelin sheath of a neuron found in the central nervous system was formed by a(n)

Oligodendrocyte

Resting cell potential depends primarily on the

Movement of ions across the neuronal membrane

How is the optic nerve different than the optic tract?

The optic tract is the optic nerves after they cross

Which color light corresponds with the LONGEST wavelength?

Red

Which of the following facts about the auditory system is NOT a way in which it differs from the visual system?

Auditory signals do not travel through the thalamus

The cells in the LGN are MOST similar to

Retinal ganglion cells

Which component's movement causes the tectorial membrane to move?

The outer hair cells

Direction-selective neurons are defined as neurons that

Fire when they detect movement in a specific direction

Two main methods of auditory localization are

Interaural intensity differences and inter aural time delay

Between which two lobes in the cerebrum is the primary auditory cortex located?

The temporal and parietal lobes

"Retinofugal" originates from the Latin word, fugit, meaning

Fleeing

In the motor system, the basal ganglia regulate

Motivation

Which of the following events happens LAST during the myotatic reflex?

Information synapses on the lower motor neurons

The visual sense is to photoreceptors as the chemical senses are to

Chemoreceptors

The rubrospinal tract decussates in the

Midbrain

Which structures does somatosensory input reach SECOND?

The dorsal root ganglion

Hyperalgesia is defined as

A temporarily reduced threshold for pain in a neighboring area of tissue

Why is the dentate gyrus unique?

Neurogenesis can occur at the dentate gyrus

The loss of the right and left hippocampi results in the inability to

Form long-term memories

Brain-computer interfaces allow

A person to control a machine using their thoughts

Which technology was MOST groundbreaking for cognitive neuroscience?

MRI

Which atoms align during an MRI scan?

Hydrogen

In the hippocampus of a mammal, long-term potentiation occurs when

The presynaptic neuron and the post synaptic neuron are depolarized at the same time

Memories deemed important by the hippocampus are MOST likely to be

Connected to a strong emotional response

Why does sensitization increase neurotransmitter release?

PKA phosphorylates potassium channels, altering their activity

N170 describes a peak of electrical activity following

The presentation of an image of a human face

The color of white matter originates from

Myelin

Where does a neuron release its signal?

The axon terminals

A circuit in the sympathetic division MOST often starts with a neuron in the

thoracic area of the spinal cord

Which glands activate the sympathetic nervous system?

the adrenal glands

The pituitary gland releases

hormones

DNA encodes instructions for building

proteins

The dendritic arbor of a neuron is MOST related to the

region from which the neuron receives information

Which structure surrounding the central nervous system delivers crucial nutrients and oxygen to neurons and glial cells?

the subarachnoid space

To which system does the amygdala belong?

the limbic system

Memory consolidation refers to

the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories

After trauma to the brain, blood may need to be drained from the

subdural space

G-protein coupled receptors are also known as

metabotropic receptors.

How is a closed voltage-gated sodium channel different than an inactivated voltage-gated sodium channel?

A closed channel will open if membrane around depolarizes to threshold, but an inactivated channel will not open regardless.

Effector proteins can produce or activate molecules like inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate, and diacylglycerol that act as second messengers, causing

signal cascades

In myelinated axons, the action potential is regenerated at the

Nodes of Ranvier.

Most neurons have a resting potential of approximately

-60 to -80 mV

Which pair of terms regarding the phases of action potential are NOT synonymous?

resting | afterhyperpolarization

Which of the following steps is NOT a part of the action potential conduction process?

A ligand binds to the potassium channel

Where does auditory transduction take place?

the organ of Corti

How is the auditory transduction mechanism different than the mechanism of neurotransmitter release in most other neurons?

Potassium influx causes the neurotransmitter release

Which of the following pairs INCORRECTLY matches a cell type in the eye to its function?

pigment epithelial cells | supply nutrients to the choroid layer

Myopia occurs because the

distance between the cornea and retina is too long

In which subcortical structure is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?

the thalamus

Which type of visual agnosia causes face blindness?

prosopagnosia

Which of the following sequences provides the order in which sound travels through the auditory system?

Middle ear, cochlea, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus, and primary auditory cortex

How does aging affect the lens?

It reduces the flexibility of the lens.

Which of the following flavors is NOT one of the five basic tastes?

spicy

Which of the following comparisons between temperature and touch receptors is accurate?

Temperature receptors are most prevalent on glabrous skin, whereas touch receptors are not.

Olfactory receptor neuron axons perforate the

cribriform plate

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the somatosensory cortex?

parietal lobe

The cerebellar circuitry contributes to

motor learning

Which of the following pairs does NOT correctly match a spinal pathway to its function?

corticorubral tract | innervates cranial muscles and controls movement of facial muscles

How many layers make up the cerebellar cortex?

Three

What does the substantia nigra do?

excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway

The hippocampus does NOT receive input from the

basal ganglia

Why is it difficult to show that tDCS has any clinical impact?

It produces a minuscule amount of stimulation.

Why PRIMARILY is extracellular recording favored over intracellular recording?

Intracellular recording is more challenging.

Which of the following statements about the BRAIN Initiative is FALSE?

It resulted in the free publication of the mammalian primary sensory cortex.

Which of the following characterizations does NOT describe a drawback of MRI technology?

MRI images show only the outer layers of the cerebral cortex.

Ocular dominance columns are

columns of tissue in layer 4C that receive input from only one eye

Which of the following applications is NOT a potential use of neuronal modeling?

controlling prosthetics

Magnetic resonance imaging is NOT frequently used for

clinical treatment

Which of the following technologies allowed further experimentation on synaptic changes and memory storage?

electrophysiological recordings

In optogenetics, neurons are depolarized by

light

Explicit memory is defined as

any memory that can be consciously recalled

Which of the following types of memory is NOT a subtype of implicit memory?

episodic memory

Wearable BMI technology is often based on

tDCS technology

The nodes of artificial neural networks are MOST analogous to

Neurons

Who FIRST proposed a theory of synaptic plasticity?

Donald Hebb

Optogenetics depend on opsins that also act as

ion channels

Which of the following components is NOT part of an MRI scanner?

electrodes