________: individuals have a general emotional style that guides their tendency to respond in certain ways to a variety of events in their environment.
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Easy child (40%)
a positive mood, quickly establishes routines, and easily adapts
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Difficult child (10%)
irritable, reacts negatively and cries frequently, resists change, and shows irregular behaviors
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Slow-to-warm-up child (15%)
low mood intensity, low activity level, and slow to adapt to new people and situations
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Stability of temperament is
low to moderate in infancy and toddlerhood and moderate from the preschool years on.
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Heritability estimates suggest a
moderate role for genetic factors in temperament and personality, but environment is also powerful.
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Temperamental characteristics do not, however,
typically go from one extreme to another
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A child’s initial approach to the world can be
intensified or lessened by experience.
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Differences in early temperament may have
genetic roots but also supported by cultural beliefs and practices.
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Goodness-of-fit model explains how
temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes
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The fit between parent and child temperament is also moderated by
cultural value, parental mental health, marital happiness, and favorable economic conditions.
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**The goal is not to CHANGE the child, but rather
nurture their strengths, help them feel supported, accepted, and confident when faced with new or unfamiliar situations or challenging tasks
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Parents should recognize
their own temperament and styles, may be difficult to parent a child who has a temperament different than one’s own. Be aware of their own limitations, influences
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Individual way of approaching the world, in turn shapes
behavior and development
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NY Longitudinal Study , Thomas & Chess studied
133 infants into adulthood
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Thomas and Chess asked parents about
activity level, excitability, response to novel situations and people, food, bowel, and sleep patterns, mood, sensitivity
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Easy child (40%):
a positive mood, quickly establishes routines, and easily adapts.
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Difficult child (10%):
irritable, reacts negatively and cries frequently, resists change, and shows irregular behaviors.
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**Slow-to-warm-up child (15%):**
low mood intensity, low activity level, and slow to adapt to new people and situations
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Temperament is thought to be
more hard-wired
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One reason why we see change is that
the ethnicity and culture the child is growing up in may value and encourage certain child characteristics over others.
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Neurobiological research has focused on
inhibited, or shy, children and uninhibited, or sociable, children (introversion and extroversion).
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Heart rate higher in
shy children, speeds up further during unfamiliar events
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Shy children have higher
cortisol concentration in saliva, rises more when stressed
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Shy children have greater
pupil dilation, rise in blood pressure, and lower skin surface temperature when faced with novelty
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Long-term prediction from early temperament is best achieved
after age 3.
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An intense, reactive child may need more time to
calm down and soothe
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A slow to warm child may need more preparedness for
new situations and time to adjust to transitions or new routines
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