Module 2 - Chemistry, Matter, And Life

Co Prefix

Meaning together

Aque Root

Meaning water

Hetero Prefix

Meaning different or not uniform

Homo Prefix

Meaning same or uniform

Hydro Prefix

Meaning water

Phil Suffix

Meaning to like or possess an affinity for

Phob Root

Meaning fear or repelling

Ase Suffix

Used in naming enzymes

De Prefix

Meaning to remove or reverse

Di Prefix

Meaning twice or double

Glyco Prefix

Meaning sugar glucose or sweet

Mono Prefix

Meaning one or single

Poly Prefix

Meaning many or multiple

Saccharo Prefix

Meaning sugar

Tri Prefix

Meaning three

Ana Prefix

Meaning upward again or back

Cata Prefix

Meaning down or downward

Kinet Root

Meaning movement or motio

Metabolism

All the physical and chemical processes by which an organism maintains life

Catabolism

Metabolic process in which complex substances are broken down into simpler components releasing energy

Anabolism

Metabolic process in which simple substances are built up into complex materials for growth and repair

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion or active movement including radiant and electrical energy

Radiant Energy

Type of kinetic energy consisting of waves traveling through space such as light heat and sound

Electric Energy

Type of kinetic energy reflecting the movement of charged particles or electrons

Potential Energy

Stored energy available to produce work including gravitational and chemical energy

Chemical Energy

Form of potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules like ATP and glucose

ATP Energy Conversion

Process of converting chemical potential energy into kinetic energy and heat to power cellular wor

Organic Compounds

Complex carbon-based molecules that characterize living organisms often formed from building blocks called monomers

Carbon

Central element of all organic compounds capable of forming long chains and complex molecules

Monomers

Simpler building block molecules that bond together in long chains to form complex organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen that serve as the main source of energy

Monosaccharides

Simple single sugar units such as glucose

Glucose

Primary monosaccharide that serves as the main energy source for body cells

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by linking two simple sugars together

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many simple sugars linked in chains such as glycogen

Glycogen

Polysaccharide that serves as the storage form of glucose in the human body

Lipids

Class of organic compounds that includes fats triglycerides phospholipids and steroids

Triglycerides

Simple fats composed of one glycerol molecule combined with three fatty acids

Phospholipids

Complex lipids containing phosphorus that form a major structural component of cell membranes

Steroids

Lipids containing carbon rings including cholesterol and many hormones

Cholesterol

Important steroid lipid component of cell membranes and precursor for steroid hormones

Proteins

Organic compounds made of nitrogen-containing amino acids that form structural and functional body parts

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group an acid group and a variable R group

Peptide Bond

Covalent bond formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another

Polypeptides

Chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Fibrous Proteins

Structural proteins made of coiled helices such as collagen found in bone and cartilage

Globular Proteins

Functional proteins folded into complex three-dimensional shapes including enzymes antibodies and myoglobin

Enzymes

Organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process

Substrate

Specific substance upon which an enzyme acts following a lock and key mechanism

Denaturation

Alteration of a protein's shape by heat or pH extremes that destroys its ability to function

Suffix Ase

Common word ending used to identify enzymes such as lipase and protease

Nucleotides

Building blocks consisting of a nitrogenous base a sugar and one or more phosphate groups

Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP

Energy transfer nucleotide containing high energy phosphate bonds that power cellular wor

Isotope

Forms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Radioactive Isotope or Radioisotope

Unstable isotope that decays and emits subatomic particles or electromagnetic energy waves such as gamma rays

Gamma Rays

High energy electromagnetic waves emitted by radioactive isotopes

Radiation Therapy

Cancer treatment using radioisotope emissions to selectively destroy fast dividing tumor cells

Tracer

Radioactive element administered and detected internally to diagnose tissue or organ abnormalities

Thyroid Diagnostic Tracer

Radioactive iodine used to detect and diagnose diseases of the thyroid gland

Radiation Protection Safety

Strict precautions required during radiation procedures to protect health personnel and patients from tissue damag

Acid

Chemical compound that donates hydrogen ions in solution and has a pH below 7

Base or Alkali

Chemical compound that accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions and has a pH above 7

Salt

Compound produced alongside water when an acid reacts with a base

pH Scale

Scale from 0 to 14 measuring the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution

Neutral pH

Measurement of 7 point 0 representing equal hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations

Normal Blood pH

Range between 7 point 35 and 7 point 45 which is slightly alkaline

Acidosis

Condition where blood pH falls below 7 point 35

Alkalosis

Condition where blood pH rises above 7 point 45

Buffer

Chemical system or substance that prevents drastic changes in solution p

Mixture

Blend of two or more substances that retain their individual identities and properties

Solution

Homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves completely in a solvent

Solvent

Dissolving substance in a solution usually a liquid such as water

Solute

Substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Aqueous Solution

Solution in which water is the solvent

Suspension

Heterogeneous mixture where particles are dispersed but will settle out over time unless constantly mixed

Colloid

Heterogeneous mixture where small suspended particles remain evenly distributed without settling due to electric charges

Cytosol

Fluid that fills the inside of cells classified chemically as a colloid

Blood Plasma Properties

Complex mixture that acts as a solution for dissolved compounds a suspension for blood cells and a colloid for plasma protein

Ionic Bond

Chemical bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another creating oppositely charged ions

Ion

Atom or group of atoms that has acquired an electric charge by gaining or losing electrons

Cation

Positively charged ion that has lost one or more electrons

Anion

Negatively charged ion that has gained one or more electrons

Electrolytes

Compounds that release ions when dissolved in water and conduct electrical currents in body fluids

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms with no electrical charge imbalance

Polar Covalent Bond

Covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally creating slightly positive and negative regions

Molecule

Unit formed when two or more atoms unite through covalent bonds

Compound

Substance composed of two or more different elements chemically combined

Chemical Equation

Shorthand representation showing reactants on the left and products on the right of a reaction arrow

Chemical Equilibrium

State where forward and reverse chemical reactions occur at the exact same rat

Matter

Materials from which the entire universe is made

Elements

Unique substances that make up all matter and cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

Major Body Elements

Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen which make up about 96 percent of total body weight

Oxygen

Chemical symbol O that is part of water and needed to metabolize nutrients for energy

Carbon

Chemical symbol C that forms the basis of organic compounds and carbon dioxide

Hydrogen

Chemical symbol H that participates in energy metabolism and determines body fluid acidity

Nitrogen

Chemical symbol N that is present in all proteins ATP and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA

Calcium

Chemical symbol Ca needed to build bones and teeth for muscle contraction nerve conduction and blood clotting

Phosphorus

Chemical symbol P that is active in ATP builds bones and teeth and forms cell membranes

Potassium

Chemical symbol K active in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction