Culture Society and Politics 2nd Quarter Edition

Social Groups

• two or more people who interact with one another and who recognize themselves as a unit

• importance to the understanding of human behavior

• people live as social creatures

Social Organization: A Study of Larger Mind

book that classified social groups into two

Charles Horton Colley

Author of the Social Organization: A Study of Larger Mind
book that classified social groups into two

Primary Group

small social group who share personal & lasting relationships

Secondary Group

• fulfill a function; large cluster of people who have a shared purpose

• weak emotional & interpersonal ties

• Family

• Friends

• Love Relationships

Examples of Primary Group

• School/Class

• Workplace

Examples of Secondary Group

• Personal & Intimate relationships

• Face 2 Face Communication

• Sense of Loyalty

• Permanence

• Small Size

• Informality & traditional, irrational decision making

Characteristics of Primary Group

• Formal Structure

• Communication is in direct

• Temporary Duration

• Weak cohesiveness & self-interest

• Group Boundaries

Characteristics of Secondary Group

William Graham Summer

created the concepts of in-group and out-group

In-Group

• person belongs comfortable and shares common experience

Out-Group

person does not belong; have differences which they do not identify

Reference Groups

• group we compare ourselves

• standard we measure our behaviors & attitudes; identify social norms

• frame of reference if a person wants to be part of the group

• Informal

• Formal

• Membership

• Disclaimant

• Aspirational

• Dissociative

Type of Reference Groups

Informal

group’s shared interests & goals; personal level
-Family & Friends

Formal

person has direct face to face interaction & formal relationships
-have a shared goal or mission with specific structure or rules
-Workplace, Employee Unions, Sport Teams, Religious Institutions, Charitable Organization

Membership

agreement to attitude, norms, and behavior
-Professional Associations, Social Clubs

Disclaimant

disagreement to attitude, norms & behaviors
-perception of their undesirability or lack of prestige
-Criminal Gangs, Corrupt Political Parties, Extremist

Aspirational

doesn’t belong but aspires to be a part of it
-Sport Teams, Workplace, Charity

Dissociative

individual’s distance themselves due to ideological or value differences
-Political Party, Religious, Activist

Social Network

• person’s scope of total set of relationships

• how they are connected through social familiarities from casual to close bonds

• map of ties between individuals

• theoretical construct in social sciences to study relationships; social structure that exists between actors

• Micro Analysis

• Meso Analysis

• Macro Analysis

Levels of Analysis of Social Networks

Micro Analysis

smallest level of analysis; how it starts with an individual

• Dyadic

• Triadic

• Actor

• Subset

Four Levels of Micro Analysis

Dyadic

starts with two individuals

Triadic

starts with three individuals

Actor

smallest unit of micro analysis; an individual in their social setting

Subset

distance, cliques, subgroups, reachability

Meso Analysis

focus on groups or communities; patterns of interaction & connections among units or clusters

Scale-Free Networks

a network whose degree, distribution follows power law, asymptotical

Macro Analysis

overall structure, composition, & dynamics of a social network or network system; large-scale patterns, trends & processes

-traces the outcomes of interactions

Social Distance

degree of closeness or acceptance we feel towards other

Personal Space

area around a individual, regarding and valued as private, inaccessible to other without discomfort
(Sommer 1969, Hayduk 1983)

Edward Block

created the 4 Different Distance Zones

• Intimate Distance

• Personal Distance

• Social Distance

• Public Distance

4 Different Distance Zones

Intimate Distance

18 inches from the body
lovemaking, comforting, protecting

Personal Distance

18 inches to 4 feet
- friends, acquaintances, conversations

Social Distance

4 ft- 12 ft
-formal relationships like workplaces

Public Distance

beyond 12 ft
-more formal relationships, general public

Kinship

“web of social relationship"
relation between two or more people based on common ancestry or marriage

• Kinship by Blood

• Kinship by Ritual

Types of Kinship

Kinship by Blood

• Genetic relations; identify another person as family through blood relation

• Kinship by Consanguinity

Kinship by Ritual

• established through rites (Baptism, Marriage, etc)

• Kinship by Compadrazgo
  -compadre, comadre; co-fatherhood

Household

one or more people who live in the same dwelling, share meals or living accommodations

Family Household

individuals related by birth, marriage or adoption

Non-Family Household

living along/non-relatives only

Marriage

contract of permanent union between two person into accordance with law for conjugal & family life

Kinship by Marriage

creating bonds between spouses and their families, connecting both the individual and their relatives to the spouse’s family

Monogamy

• one wife & husband

Polygamy

person have more than one spouses

Polyandry

woman have more than one husband

Polygyny

man have more than one wife

Group Marriage

family unit consists of multiple husbands and multiple wives

• Endogamy

• Exogamy

Selection of Marriage Partner

Endogamy

within a group that may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious groups

Exogamy

individual marry outside their group
prohibits marrying within the group

Nuclear Family

single couple or monogamous family; couple with their children

Extended Family

couple and their children with their relatives—in-laws

Reconstituted Family

a parent have children from a previous marriage/relationship; step

Single Parent Family

one parent raising children

Childless/Conjugal Family

husband and wife who cannot have or do not want kids

Polygamous Family

one spouse has several other spouses

Patrilineal

traces ancestry through the fathers side

Matrilineal

traces ancestry through the mothers side

Bilineal

Traces ancestry from both parents

Patriliocal

son stays and daughter leaves

Matrilocal

son leaves & daughter stays

Family/Bilocal

married couple alternates residence living with either the couples parents

Neolocal

couple establishes their own home; independent of their families

Patriarchal

authority is solely by the father

Matriarchal

authority of the mother

Egalitarian

spouses jointly share in decision making

Economics

deals with the factors of the production, distribution & consumption of goods & services
-rules of the house

Oikos

Greek word of House

Nomos

Greek word of law/custom

Economic Institution

company/organization dealing with money or managing the distribution of goods and services
-well-established arrangements & structures part of society

Traditional Economy

• Goods and services are produced based on customs and traditions, mainly by hand

• Most production is for personal use, with the rest traded or sold. These economies often evolve as nations develop.

Command Economy

• government controls all economic activity like in communism

• Market forces plat little to no role, making these economies less flexible and slower to adapt to changes

Mixed Economy

• Combines market and command elements

• Both government and businesses contributed to economic success, resources allocated by the market and others by state

Market Economy

• people privately own residences, and consumer choices drive production

• Businesses decide how to produce goods based on cost-effectivenes and demand trends

• Reciprocity

• Transfers

• Redistribution

• Market Transactions

Different Economic Processes

Reciprocity

expecting something to return when you give away

exchange of commodities

Transfers

resources are given to another with no need of return

allows for redistribution of resources

Redistribution

resources are collected and distributed equally to members

Market Transactions

exchange of goods/services involving buy and sell processes

Non-State Institutions

organizations with power to influence and cause change

capable of influencing policy formation & implementation

Altruism

sacrifices own production, fitness, or interests for welfare of others

doing things not as an obligation but a desire to help

Banks

holds money belonging to other, investing and lending to more money

Corporations

associations of individuals created by authority of independent of the existence of its members and liabilities distinct to its members

Cooperatives

jointly owned enterprise in the production of goods or service operated by its members organized by consumers

Trade Unions

organization of members and membership mainly of workers

Transnational Advocacy

promote causes, principled idea, norms, and individuals advocating policy changes; cater to need of human rights

Developmental Agencies

concentrate on growth, progression & advancement of societal concerns in infrastructure/social institutions

• International organizations

• Non-governmental organizations

International Organizations

distribution of equitable health & social development to international cooperation; diverse networks

Non-governmental Organizations

collaboration with local stakeholders to beneficiaries conditions
-non-profit, voluntary and broad range of developmental functions

Social Health

forms satisfying interpersonal relationships

World Health Organization (WHO)

defined the right to health as right of every human to live healthy through equal access to timely, acceptable, and affordable health care

• Latah

• Running Amok

• Koro

• Wendigo Psychosis

Culture Specific Syndrome & Illness

Latah

• from southeast asia, abnornmal behaviors result form shock

• screaming, crying, cursing, dance movements, & uncontrollable laughter

Running Amok

• From Malay Language “amuk” or simply known as amok

• episode of mass assault on people or objects after a period of depression/loneliness