YEAR 2 - first topic of moral philosophy . Metaphysics of mind . AQA exam board . Definitions etc .
Define phenomenal consciousness
“ What-it’s-like-ness “
The belief that we know what its like to experience certain things .
Example : drinking a cup of hot chocolate particular conscious experience , taste , the smell etc .
Define intentionality
Means being about something
The belief that every thought is about something and our consciousness is always about something . Cannot have a thought about nothing .
Example : ‘ I don’t just remember ; I remember something ‘ . When thinking about nothing , nothingness is what you are thinking about .
What are mental states
Things which we experience inner of ourselves such as thoughts , feelings , desires .
Example : remembering to turn the oven off when finishing cooking , choosing to do homework instead of going to the gym .
What are neurological states
These are objectively observable things which happen as a result of our brains processes such as hormone secretion , neurones firing .
Example : crying because you’re upset , laughing uncontrollably because somethings funny
Define dualism
The belief that the consciousness is beyond the physical realm and inexplainable in terms of the laws of nature and science .
Define Substance Dualism
2 different substances physical + mental ,minds do not depend on bodies to exist , ontologically distinct and independent
Argument of indivisibility
P1. My mind is invisible
P2. My physical body is divisible
P3. Two substances have different properties therefore cannot be the same substance
P4. Mind + body different properties
P5. Mind + body different substances
C. Mind is not my body
Argument of conceivability
P1. Clear understanding of myself as a conscious but not as an extended thing
P2. Understanding , clear + distinctly , of my body as an extended but not conscious thing
P3. Therefore clearly + distinctly I understand myself as an extended but not conscious thing
P4. Whatever I can clearly + distinctly understand has been brought by God + is possible
C. Therefore as a thinking ting can exist apart from my extended body
Argument of Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia
P1. All physical events have physical causes
P2. If the mind is not physical it cannot cause the body to move
P3. From experience I know the mind can cause the body to move
C. Mind is physicalA
Argument of the problem of other minds argument
P1. If substance dualism is true , then we cannot know the mental states of others
P2. We do , on at least some occasions know the mental states of others
C. Therefore substance dualism is false
What is response to problem of other minds
Argument from analogy :
P1. Understand our own actions inn terms of stimulus , mental state and response
P2. Stubbing your toe , feeling that pain , verbally reacting to that ‘ OW ‘
P3. See the stimulus and response in other people
P4. Empathise can understand the pain and know from own experience
C. Conclude that other people have mental states
Define property dualists
Belief that we have a physical mind but consciousness non-physical property
Define interactionism
Belief that consciousness , mental states directly change physical state of the body
Define epiphenomenalism
Belief consciousness by-product of physical processes in brain . Thoughts , feelings desires do not change state of brain .
Define supervenience
One set of facts supervenes on another set of more basic facts
example - materialists believe all mental facts supervene on the physical facts about you
Define an accidental property
Something which is not fundamentally necessary to be something
example - my hair being pink doesn’t change who I am
Define essential property
Something which metaphysically necessary to have those certain properties , part of nature / essence
example - to be a human to have a brain
Define important property
Something which isn’t metaphysically necessary nor not essential
example - being charming or funny you can become un-charming or un-funny
What is a casual factor
one event causes another to happen
Knowledge argument
P1. Mary knows everything about the physical processes involved in colour vision
P2. Learns something when she experiences colour vision
P3. Therefore more to know about colour vision than what is given in a physical account
C. Physicalism is false
Criticism of the knowledge argument ( propositional )
premise 2 false to claim learnt something new . NOT propositional knowledge but acquaintance .knowledge acquainted with phenomenal consciousness / certain qualia
example - celebrity
Criticism for knowledge argument ( ability )
acquires new abilities / skills , capacity to imagine colour learns no new facts about colour vision
example - how to drive a car
Define qualia
subjective qualities which cannot be objectively described
e.g. pain