US History Topic 5 & 6 Test Review

Aftermath of the French and Indian War

• Colonists wanted to expand west into achieved land, but the British prohibited it.

• France became mad at the British (important later).

• Britain was in massive debt and raised colony taxes to help.

• People were proud to be part of the British Empire.

• British military monitored western land borders so that colonists would not pass it.

Proclamation of 1763

• Passed by Parliament in 1763.

• White settlers were not allowed past the spine of the Appalachian Mountains, or the Proclamation Line.

  • This was in an effort to avoid further conflict with Native Americans and control colonists.

Salutary Neglect

• Unofficial British policy.

• Parliamentary rules and laws were loosely or not enforced in the colonies.

1764 Sugar Act

• Credited to Grenville.

• Halved taxes on British molasses and sugar in an effort to cut down on illegal sugar trade between the French and colonists.

• Violators were tried in vice-admiralty courts because it was thought that colonial juries were too sympathetic.

1765 Stamp Act

• First direct tax on the colonies.

• Passed in an attempt to moderate westward expansion and trade, as well as fund colonial military presence.

• Placed internal tax on most kinds of printed paper.

• Irritated colonists because they did not feel equal to British peers and they had no representation in Parliament (“no taxation without representation”).

1765 Quartering Act

• Passed in an attempt to maintain British troops in the colonies.

• Settlers had to house, feed, and care for soldiers.

Writs of Assistance

• Court orders that allowed British soldiers to conduct searches of colonial homes and businesses without fair cause.

• Colonists felt violated by this act, as it was seen as an invasion of privacy.

1764 Currency Act

• Credited to Grenville.

• Colonists were no longer allowed to print paper currency and had to pay merchants in silver or gold.

• Allowed the British to have more control over the New World’s economy.

Boston Massacre

• March 5, 1770

• After being provoked by colonists (rocks thrown at them, being yelled at, etc.), a group of British soldiers fired into a crowd in Boston.

• Propaganda was made after this event (most famously by Paul Revere), which made the colonists have an even more negative view on the military presence.

Crispus Attucks

• Died on March 5, 1770, in the Boston Massacre.

• First martyr in the fight for independence.

Sam Adams

• Helped organize the Sons of Liberty.

• Signed the Declaration of Independence.

• Governor of Massachusetts.

• First to propose Continental Congress.

• Helped write Articles of Confederation.

• Organized first Committee of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence

• Implemented boycott of British goods in the colonies.

• Promoted manufacturing in the colonies.

• Educate others on politics/rights.

• Communication for the Revolution.

Non-Importation Agreements

• Restrictions adopted by Americans to protest British acts.

• Helped in the boycott of British goods.

“No Taxation Without Representation”

• A phrase made by colonists to voice their discontent in Parliament’s passed acts.

• Colonists did not have a voice in Parliament, so they did not feel as they should be taxed.

Townshend Acts

• Placed taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.

• The Revenue Act of 1767.

• The Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767.

• The New York Restraining Act of 1767.

• The Indemnity Act of 1767.

• The Vice Admiralty Court Act of 1768.

Tea Act of 1773

• Granted a monopoly to the East India Company on tea.

• Lowered the cost of tea for colonists in an effort to appeal to buyers, with the intention to raise prices again once colonists started buying.

• Sparked the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party

• December 16. 1773.

• In protest to the Tea Act.

• Colonists seized British tea ships in Boston Harbor and poured all the tea into the water.

• Costs millions of dollars.

• British demanded reimbursement, but colonists refused.

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

• Passed by Parliament following the Boston Tea Party

• Boston Port Act

  • Closed Boston Port

• Massachusetts Government Act

  • Shut down the colonial government in Massachusetts.

• Impartial Admin of Justice Act

First Continental Congress

• Meeting with delegates from 12/13 colonies.

  • Georgia did not attend.

• Discussed how to move forward with British.

Sons of Liberty

• Founded by Sam Adams.

• Made of colonial America instigators.

• Used threats/violence to intimidate loyalists and anger British government.

Daughters of Liberty

• Female association formed in 1765.

• Made to protest Stamp Act, but later protested the Townshend Acts.

Lexington and Concord

• 1775

• First military clashes of the Revolution outside of Boston.

Common Sense

• Written by Thomas Paine.

• 47-page pamphlet advocating independence from Britain to colonists.

• Motivated many to join patriot cause.

Second Continental Congress

• Delegates from all 13 colonies.

• In Philly

• Established an army, placed Washington in command of army, issued Olive Branch Petition.

George Washington

• American military officer.

• Statesman.

• Commander of Continental Army.

• First president.

Bunker Hill

• NE soldiers faced British army in battle.

• Patriots defeated, but proved they could hold their own against the British.

Declaration of Independence

• Mostly written by Thomas Jefferson.

• Declared US independence.

• Ideals based on Enlightenment thinkers and listed grievances against Britain.

Patriot Advantages

• Home field advantage.

• Fighting to protect their homes.

• Fighting for freedom.

• French alliance.

• Strong leadership (Washington).

Patriot Disadvantages

• No navy.

• Inexperienced soldiers.

• Lack of weapons/ammunition.

• No stable government.

• Not all Americans supported independence.

British Advantages

• Organized and established government.

• Powerful navy.

• Experienced officers and soldiers.

• Access to supplies and resources.

British Disadvantages

• Not familiar with territory.

• Used older European tactics.

• British did not fully support war.

• Government/Leadership a thousand miles away.

• Soldiers lack motivation compared to colonists.

Patriots

• Those who favored independence from Britain.

Loyalists

• Those who wished that the colonies remain tied to Britain.

Dunmore Proclamation

• Established martial law and offered freedom to slaves who would leave patriotic owners to join the British army.

Invasion of New York

• British defeated Continental Army and gained access to the New York Port.

• Was a loyalist city and would cut the colonies in half.

Battle of Trenton

• Won by Americans.

• Commanded by Washington.

• Up against Hessian soldiers.

• Victory lifted American morale and enlistments.

Valley Forge

• Winter 1777-1778.

• Encampment of Continental Army under Washington.

• Shortages of all resources.

• Soldiers sick from disease (smallpox), hunger, and weather exposure.

• Emerged a stronger, more united, and more disciplined army.

Battle of Saratoga

• Turning point in Revolution.

• American victory convinced the French to support them.

Battle of Yorktown

• American victory.

• Directly led to peace negotiations that ended the war in 1783 and gave America independence.

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Signed September 3, 1783.

• Between colonies and Britain.

• Ended the Revolution and recognized the US as an independent nation.