BIOL 1030 exam 1 study terms

biodiversity

number of species, genera, etc

classification

assigning organisms to a hierarchical group

phylogeny

evolutionary history

taxonomy (taxon, taxa)

naming of groups of organisms

competing philosophies

cladistic v. evolutionary

Evolutionary

taxa should share recent common ancestry and morphological similarities, may generate some paraphyletic taxa

Cladistics

all taxa should be clades, monophyletic and holophyletic

monophyletic

lineage with a single common ancestor

holophyletic

a lineage including all descendants of a single common ancestor

paraphyletic

a lineage including some but not all descendants of a single common ancestor (NOT a clade)

polyphyletic

a lineage or trait found in independent lineages (NOT a clade)

plesiomorphic

ancestral characteristic

apomorphic

derived characteristic

symplesiomorphic

shared, ancestral characteristic

synapomorphic

shared, derived characteristic

autapomorphic

unshared, derived characteristic

homologous

similar based on shared common ancestry

analogous

similar due to common function (not ancestry)

homoplasy

analogous trait

convergent evolution

evolution of analogous characteristics in distinctly related clades

divergent evolution

evolution of homologous characteristics into new forms/phenotypes in the same clade

dendrogram

a branching diagram that represents the relationships of similarity among a group of entities

cladogram

diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of clades

phylogram

depict either the amount of evolution occurring in a particular gene sequence or the estimated duration of branches

horotely

A normal or average rate of evolution per million years, of genera within a given taxonomic group

tachytely

rapid evolution, or evolution that occurs faster than the average rate for a particular group of organisms. 

bradytely

evolution that occurs at a very slow rate

clade

a lineage of organisms that is derived from a single common ancestor and contains all descendants

grade

a group of organisms that shares similarity but not by a shared common ancestor or excluding some descendants

paralogs

ancestral gene duplicated and changed within a species, producing 2 different related genes

orthologs

ancestral gene shared by 2 different species

phyla in excavata

Diplomonadida, Kinetoplastida, Euglenophyta, Parabasala

phyla in SAR

Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Dinoflagellata, Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Foraminifera, Radiolaria

phyla in Archaeplastida

Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta (includes plants)

phyla in Unikonta

Gymnamoeba, Myxogastrida, Choanoflagellata (includes animals and fungi)

Diplomonadida

2 equal-sized nuclei

heterotrophic

free-living and parasitic

2, 4, or 8 flagella

lack mitochondria (secondarily)

most anaerobic

many live in gut of insects or vertebrates

Giardia lamblia -intestinal parasite of humans and other vertebrates

Parabasala

parabasal body (large modified Golgi apparatus)

heterotrophic

axostyle

4 to 1000's of flagella

anaerobic

some with intra-cellular bacteria and surface attached spirochaetes

Trichomonas vaginalis -human urogenital tract

Trichonympha -termite gut

Kinetoplastida

heterotrophs, mostly parasitic (part of Euglenozoa?)

kinetoplast (mass of DNA w/in single large mitochondrion)

trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei -African sleeping sickness, vector = tsetse fly

trailing flagellum attached to cell by undulating membrane.

Bodo saltans, free living kinetoplastid

Euglenophyta

colorless heterotrophs and green photoautotrophs

longitudinal binary fission

Euglena and Peranema

Euglena

2 flagella in flagellar reservoir

1 locomotory and 1 non-emergent or short

stigma

paraflagellar body

phototaxis

euglenoid (peristaltic) movement

chloroplast with 3 membranes

Peranema

1 trailing and 1 leading flagellum (thickened by paraxial rod except at tip)

2 flagella

transverse flagellum in circumferential groove (cingulum)

longitudinal flagellum in longitudinal groove (sulcus)

theca -plates of cellulose in alveoli

palmella, bloom

Bacillariophyta

diatoms

photosynthetic

marine, fresh water

cell wall & siliceous frustule, 2 valves

centric, pennate

asexual reproduction with decrease in size

gametic meiosis

diatomaceous earth

Phaeophyta

brown algae

marine

photosynthetic macroalgae

kelp

holdfast, stipe, thallus, blade, meristem

algin

sporic meiosis

Dinoflagellata

marine and freshwater dinoflagellates

most free-living, some endoparasites

many photosynthetic

chloroplasts of symbiotic origin

red, brown, or golden pigments

longitudinal fission

ex: Gymnodinium, Ceratium, Noctiluca, Symbiodinium

Apicomplexa

sporozoans

apical complex

flagellated microgametes

pellicle = 3 membranes (large alveolus)

complex life cycles -haploid dominant

sporozoite

trophozoite

merozoite

gamonts (micro- and macrogametocytes)

micro- and macrogametes

oocyst

ex: Plasmodium -4 spp.

malaria causal agent

vector -Anopheles

Ciliophora

freshwater, marine, soil

heterotrophic (some with endosymbiotic algae)

most free-living, some parasites

complex organelles, complex behavior

oral groove, cytostome, cytopharynx, food vacuole, cytoproct

contractile vacuole

cilia, cirrus (-i), membranelle

complex pellicle & alveoli, extrusomes

myoneme

Paramecium multimicronucleatum, Didinium, Vorticella, Euplotes, rumen ciliates

Foraminifera

foraminiferans

mostly marine

benthic or planktonic

reticulopodia

calcareous, chambered test

mermaid's pennies, large fossil species

white cliffs of Dover

Radiolaria

radiolarians and heliozoans

marine plankton, freshwater

delicate siliceous tests with apertures

axopodia

Rhodophyta

red algae

marine

macroalgae

most in deep, cold water (red pigments)

carrageenan, agar

Porphyra tenera -nori

Chlorophyta

green algae

photosynthetic, chlorophyll

motile and non-motile forms

large cup-shaped chloroplast

food storage as starch

many colonial species

Chlamydomonas, Volvox

Gymnamoeba

naked amoebas, sarcodines

pseudopods (lobopodia)

marine, freshwater

most = benthic, some planktonic

Amoeba

many parasitic forms

Entamoeba hystolytica, E. gingivalis

Myxogastrida

plasmodial slime molds

plasmodium -multinucleate mass of protoplasm

super cell

heterotrophic

complex life cycle (sporic meiosis), sclerotium

Physarum polycephalum -yellow slime mold

Choanoflagellata

sister group of Metazoa

marine and freshwater

tiny cells <10 micrometers

solitary or colonial, sessile or motile

single flagellum within collar of microvilli

filter feeding

Proterospongia