History

Jan Baptista van Helmont (17th century)

first measurement of relative weight of urine

Galileo Galieli (17th century)

laws of motion in mathematical manner that could be applied to life on earth

Issac Newton (17th century)

discovers gravity

Christian Huygens (17th century)

develops centrigrade system of temperature

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (17th century)

Fahrenheit system of temperature

Leonardo da Vinci (17th century)

Explores human anatomy through dissection

William Harvey (17th century)

foundation of modern medicine; resposible for demonstrating function fo the heart n circulation of blood WITHOUT microscope; restarted a arrested heart

Anton Van Leewenhoek (17th century)

isolated bacteria with microscope; filled gaps from William Harvey’s circulation discovery

Albercht von Haller (18th century)

in depth studies of nervous system; relationship btwn brain cortex and the peripheral nerves

Lazzaro Spallanzani (18th century)

pioneer in experimental fertilization

Stephan Hales (18th century)

dynamics of blood circulation; stressed importance of capillary system; first to record blood pressure with manometer

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (18th century)

Father of pathology

William Hunter (18th century)

specialist in OB and first medical school in London

John Hunter (18th century)

surgeon, ideas on closing aneurysms, eliminates amputations

Phillipe Pinel (18th century)

care for mentally ill patients, demands humane regimens at the Bicetre Asylum near Paris

Edward Jenner(18th century)

vaccine to prevent smallpox inducing cowpox into a 8 yr old; founder of immunology

Carl Rokitansky(19th century)

morphologic pathologist

Rudolf Virchow(19th century)

revolutionized the cell and confirmed cells come from cells

Claude Bernard(19th century)

founder of experimental physiology and discovers the principle of homeostaiss; funtion of liver, study relation of digestive activities of pancreas; pancreas with diabetes; founder of internal medicine

Rene-Theopile Hyacinthe Lainnec(19th century)

pathologic understanding of emphysema, bronchiectasis, and tuberculosis; use of stethoscope

Ephraim McDowell (19th century)

performs the first successful operation to remove a huge cyst from ovary

J Marion Sims (19th century)

leader in gyn, begins women’s hospital of State of New York; sims position; speculum and catheter

Joseph Lister (19th century)

discovers bacteria were origin of disease and infection; idea of sterilization

Robert Koch (19th century)

founded bacteriology

Benjamin Rush (19th century)

psychiatry gains respect

Gregor Mendel (19th century)

foundation of modern genetics

Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen (19th century)

father of radiology; invents xray

Pierre and Marie Curie (19th century)

discover radium and use radioactivity in treatments of disease

Louis Pasteur (19th century)

proved theory of infection from a germ; developed pasteurization heating liquids for destroying viruses and harmful organisms

sepsis

potentially life-threatening complication of an infection; occures when chemicals released into the blood stream to fight infection triggored inflammatory response throughout the body

antisepsis

inhibiting of growth and multiplication of microorganisms by antiseptic means

Major Walter Reed (20th century)

leads US army board in discovering cause of Yellow Fever

Paul Ehrlich (20th century)

father of chemotherapy

Ivan Pavlov (20th century)

extensive research on condition repsonses; understanding of process of digestion

Abel, Rowntree and Turner (20th century)

inventors of artificial kidneys and dialysis

Willem Einthoven (20th century)

performs the first electrocardiogram

Hans Burger (20th century)

performs the first electroenchephalogram

Jonas Salk (20th century)

poliomylelitis (poli- gray; mye- spinal cord; -itis= inflammation); introducing weaker strain to trick immune system

Watson and Crick (20th century)

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid; heredity and genetics; LI at Cold Spring Harbor

health defined by the WHO

state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

phsyical well being

proper functioning of the body, including the absence of disease and the ability to perform daily activities

mental well being

ability to cope with stress, work productiviely,and make contributions to one’s community

social well being

sense fo belonging and connections with others, as well as ability to participate in social activities

holistic concept

encompass not just absence of illness but also the presence of positive well being, dynamic concept that health can be influenced by various factors and can change overtime

disease

condition that disrupts normal structure or function of an organism, leading to a deviation from the health state and often accompanied by specific signs and symptooms

International Classification of Disease (ICD)

categorize health conditions, encompassing a broad scope from specific illnesses to related health problems

mortality

the death rate ie: cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease (Stroke), chronic lower respiratory diseases, breast cancer (LI)

morbidity

occurance of disease or conditions

epidemic

widespread infectious diseas within a geographical area

pandemic

infectious disease of global proportions

Radiology pioneer: Evangelista Torricelli 1643

inventor of the barometer (air pressure); vaccums

in order for x-rays to be produced what 3 things needed to be discovered?

1. discovery of vacuums

2. discovery of electricity

3. discovery of image recording devices

Radiology pioneer: Otto Van Guericke 1646

invention of air pump removing air from vessel or tube

Radiology pioneer: Robert Boyle 1656

conducts vacuum experiments

Radiology pioneer: Herman Sprengel 1865

conducts and furthers vacuum research in 1865

Radiology pioneer: William Gilbert

first extensively study electricity and magnetism; electroscope

Radiology pioneer: Robert Boyle 1675

electricity; furthers research on electricity (also through vacuum)

Radiology pioneer: Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet

furthers electroscope, vessel for discharging electricity under vacuum conditions; xray tube

Radiology pioneer: Benjamin Franklin 1752

kite experiment proved lightning is a form of electricity

Radiology pioneer: William Morgan

notices changes in color of partially evacuated tubes ie cracked vacuum tube

Radiology pioneer: Michael Faraday

induced electric current by moving a magnet in and out of a coil

Radiology pioneer: Johann Wilhelm Hittorff

conducts several experiments with cathode ray

Radiology pioneer: William Crookes

demonstrates matter was emitted from cathode with enough energy to rotate a wheel within a tube

Radiology pioneer: Philipp Lenard

found that cathode ray could penetrate thin metal and would project a few centimeters into the air

Radiology pioneer: William Goodspeed 1890

produced radiograph in 1890 and recognized only in retrospect

Radiology pioneer: JH Scholtz

first photographic copy of written material; recording devices

Radiology pioneer: RL Maddox

produces film with gelatin siliver briomide emulsion that has remained the basic component of all film

Radiology pioneer: George Eastman

produces and patented roll-paper film

Big Guy History

NAME: Wilhelm Conrad Roetgen

DOB: 3/27/1845

Married: Bertha Ludwig 1872

Career: 1888 went to University of Wurzburg attracted by physics institute became Rector at university balancing admin and research; developed interest in cathode ray experiments using the Crooke’s tube.

Crookes Tube

invented by Sir William Crookes, at the time the noted photographic plates but did not recognize invisible rays and significance of them; electron emanates from negative terminal to the anode

November 8, 1985

date of experimentation, Roentgen used black paper to prevent any light from escaping, unexpected glow from the barium platinocyanide screen several feet away began fluorescing (emitting light), caused by “invisible rays”

xrays

fluorescent effect was caused by new type of rays; penetrative power- rays had ability to penetrate materials depending on material density; recognized medical potential; primitive fluoroscopy- when hand was placed btwn Crookes tube and cardboard screen coated with barium platinocyanide, he could visualize bones of his hand.

December 22, 1895

date: Bertha’s Hand placed her hand on photographic plate (cassette), directed x-ray from tube onto her hand for 15 min, plate clearly revealed bones of her hand along with two wedding rings

December 28, 1895

date submitted paper “On a New Kind of Rays”

1901

Rotengen awared first Nobel Prize in Physics in Stockholm

1902

Roentgen declined invitation from the prestigious Carnegie Institute

Febuary 10, 1923

Willhelm Conrad Roentgen passed away in Munich

February 3 1896

first clinical x-ray in US performed at Dartmouth College

Edwin Frost and Gilman Frost

recreated Roentgen’s discovery used Crookes tube to take xray of local school boy Eddie McCarthy fractured wrist; exposure for 20 min.; in the US

Glasgow Royal Infirmary

1896; first hospital to incorporate x-ray in the world, first radiology department led by Dr John Macintyre

Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn Medicine)

1897; first hospital radiology department in the US; dedicated x-ray lab,

Mihajlo Pupin

discovered secondary x-ray radiation in April 1896; early x-ray exposure times are dangerous

Georges Sagnac

1897; also worked on secondary radiation; first to systemically isolate, identify, and prove hitting material with x-ray cause material to emit own distinct physical

Fluoroscopy

Edison helped develop fluoroscope allowing real time visualization of internal structures,

Drawback: did not know effects of ray on human body; direct exposure caused permanent persistent discomfort

Clarence Dally (1865-1904)

first recognized American X-ray fatality; Dally had Xray burns which progressed becoming cancer and with repeat exposure eventually the radiation was too much and lead to his death

radioactivity

property of certain elements to spontaneously emit rays or subatomic particles from matter

Pierre and Marie Curie

1. discovered radium killed diseased cells = radioactivity;

2. she was sick got better after kidney operation, worked with Albert Einstein resumed radium experiments discontinued due to WW1,

3. developed MOBILE radiographic equipment for French military, training herself as x-ray tech and French soldiers, give classes to American soldiers

When was Marie Curie awarded Nobel Prize?

1903 Nobel Prize for PHYSICS

1911 for her work in CHEMISTRY

radiographic film

acquires image and must then be chemically processed before it is visible

Roentgenology

study of ionizing radiation

Henri Becquerel

Nobel Prize for physics in 1903

radiographic density or image receptor exposure

degree of blackening or darkness on radiographic image = amt of radiation that has reached image receptor (dark = more radiation exposure, light = less radiation exposure)

mAs

milliampere-seconds, ampere= electricity; controls radiographic density, but other factors kVp, patient factors (tissue thickness,density), SID, OID, grids, and image receptor speed have an affect

radiographic contrast

visible difference in densities between adjacent anatomical structures on radiographic image, controlled by kVp

high contrast (short scale)

few shades of gray very distinct btwn black and white, (best for bone studies)

low contrast (long scale)

many shades of gray with subtle differences, (best for soft tissue)

kVp

kilovoltage peak. voltage= energy; high kVp= low cont, low kVp= high cont

radiographic recorded detail or spatial resolution

sharpness of structural lines and edges of anatomical part on the image; sharpness, definition, or spatial resolution

influence recorded detail or spatial resolution

motion = less is better

focal spot size: sm focal spot = better detail

OID (object to image receptor distance): short distance = improve detail

SID (source to image receptor distance): longer SID = improve detail

image receptor characteristics = pixel size and screen/film unsharpness (film screen)

radiographic distortion

misrepresentation of true size or shape of the anatomical structure on radiographic image