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Textual Evidence
Validates assertions and counterclaims We made about a text.
Assertion
It is an opinion or claim, and authors make ____________ in the text they write.
Controversial claims
If unchecked or unverified, can damage people's reputation, make others believe in false information, and possibly spark conflict among parties.
Controversy
It is a situation in which people express disagreement, dissent, dislike, or even rage. In terms of reading, controversies arise from the way people react react to the ideas of the writers.
1) go against popular beliefs;
2) attack or criticize others;
3) introduce something that is presently not accepted in the culture; and
4) do not include proof or evidence for their claims.
Claims become controversial when they:
Dr. Allan de Guzman
Everything we claim or assert needs proof or evidence. An educator by the name of ___________________ suggests that we should express our claims immediately beside or next to the support.
A. Statistical Evidence
B. Testimonial Evidence
C. Anecdotal Evidence
D. Analogical Evidence
Four Types of Textual Evidence
Statistical Evidence
Every time you use numbers to support a main point, you're relying on statistical evidence to carry your argument.
McDonald's signs that said "Over 1 billion served"?
Trident chewing gum commercials that says "4 out of 5 dentists recommend chewing sugarless gum"?
Testimonial Evidence
People in commercials testifying about the quality of a product
Lawyers relying on eye-witness accounts to win a case
Students who quote an authority in their essays
Anecdotal Evidence
Evidence based on a person's observations of the world
Useful for disproving generalizations because all you need is one example that contradicts a claim.
A non-native English speaker who has perfect grammar does NOT prove that ALL non-native English speakers have perfect grammar. Disproves the claim, "All immigrants who are non-native English speakers have terrible grammar".
Analogical Evidence
Mainly useful when dealing with a topic that is under-researched. If you are on the cutting edge of an issue, you're the person breaking new ground.
When you don't have statistics to refer to or other authorities on the matter to quote, you have to get your evidence from somewhere.
Paola is the best athlete in the state, because she won the most athletic awards.
