Psyo 335 Final

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332 Terms

1

what are characteristics about psychoactive drugs

cross the BBB, affect the CNS and brain function, change perception, mood consciousness, cognition, and behaviours

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2

what are the 3 ways that a psychoactive drug can be sued

recreationally, entheogenically, medically

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3

what are the 4 different names for drugs

chemical, generic, trade/brand, street

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4

what is the carrier medium for a drug called

excipient ex) acid sheets

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5

how does the weight of an excipient affect the punishment

the heavier the excipient the longer the sentence

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6

what is pharmacodynamics

what the drug does to the body

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7

what is pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

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8

explain the DRC slope

shows how drastic the effect changes with each change in dose, a small change produces a steep slope, a large change produces a small slope

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9

how do you calculate the TI

LD/ED

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10

how do you interpret the TI

the greater the TI the safer the drug is, safest way to calculate is LD1/ED99

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11

what is the therapeutic window measured in

blood concentration

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12

what is potency

the differnce in the ED50

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13

where do drugs get absorbed

membranes, GI tract, lungs, muscles

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14

how does absorption happen

enters blood stream via capillaries, diffuses from high to low concentration until equal

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15

how do drugs get from the heart to brain without the liver

inhalation of gases

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16

how do you test solubility

olive oil partition coefficient

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17

what do drugs have to pass to reach the capillaries

intestinal membrane

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18

what happens if metabolites are more highly ionized

more easily excreted

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19

what is first pass metabolism

any drug that gets absorbed in the digestive system will pass through the liver before any other organ in the body

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20

what are the 3 factors that alter drug absorption

enzyme induction, depression of enzyme systems, age, species

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21

what is the process of enzyme induction

when the body learns what enzymes are needed so they get released quicker

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22

what does excretion assume

instant absorption and distribution

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23

what is the level of arousal

the earliest way to classify drugs was whether the increase/decrease arousal

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24

how many groups does a placebo vs balanced placebo design have

3 and 4

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25

what is nonexperimental research

looks for correlation like behavioural genetics

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26

what is unconditioned behaviour examples

spontaneous motor activity ex) inclined plane test = whether a drug interferes with muscle tone, AKA can the rat stay on the plane

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27

whats an example of anxiety medication testing

elevated plus maze = is the rat scared or not

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28

whats a progressive ratio

how much someone will work to get the drug

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29

whats the absolute threshold

the lowest value of stimulus for it to be detectable

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30

what is the difference threshold

detecting the change in stimulation

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31

what is long term memory also called

explicit memory

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32

whats 2 ways to test response of inhibition

the go-no-go tests and the balloon analog risk task

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33

what are the phases of developing and testing psychotherapeutic drugs

screening, phase 1 = testing the toxicity and side effects on healthy people, phase 2 = testing toxicity and side effects on patients, phase 3 = clinical trials, phase 3 = examination and widespread use

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34

what do proponents of drug relation typically refer to

the protection of the vulnerable and the maintenance of cultural values

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35

what do critics of drug policy do

create institutionalized racism and sociopolitical interests

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36

what did plato do

prohibited alcohol for men under 18 and regulated for men under 30

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37

why were psychoactive substances looked down on and why

the church believed they were associated with pagan religious traditions

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38

who outlawed cannabis in the 12/13th centuries

the inquisition

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39

who banned tobacco

the pope

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40

when was the age of reason

the 18th century

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41

what was the 1868 british pharmacy act

opium was sold by pharmacicts

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42

what were substances the pope endorsed in the early 20th century

Vin mariana AKA wine with coke

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43

what was the 1914 harrison narcotic act

put a tax on coke and opium and started to criminalize coke because minorities were using it

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44

what prohibitions happened between 1920-1933

alcohol started and ended and tobacco was attempted

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45

explain the drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970

drug penalties increased based on potential for abuse

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46

what were the 2 international drug control treaties

conventions on narcotic and psychotropic drugs

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47

what was the narcotic convention of 1961

offences against cannabis, coke, and opioids

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48

what was the psychotropic drug convention

extended the narcotic convention to cover synthetic drugs like amphetamines, LSD, and benzos

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49

what was the vienna delcaration

to use science based health to address harm that comes form illicit drug use, wanted to decriminalize drug use and increase treatment

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50

what were the 2 targets of recent developments in progress drug policies and were they successful

target 1 = to reduce opium, coke, and cannabis farming, not successful
target 2 = reduce demand for substances, no success just increased drug related deaths

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51

what is the moral model

says that the use of prohibited drugs is unethical and immoral and that users are blameworthy

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52

what are the pros and cons of the moral model

pros = simple and straightforward
cons = inconsistent with evidence, won't outlaw rich people drugs, creates more illness

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53

what does the medical model state

addition is like a disease, reduce blame and is progressive

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54

what is the psychodynamic model

drug use is like self-medication

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55

what does the public health model offer

alternative safer substances, reduced drug use and harm

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56

what is resting potential

the potential difference across the membrane, the outside is 0 and the inside is -70

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57

how is the -70 maintained

active transport sodium potassium ion pump, ion channels that are gated depending on their stimulation or non-gated which is slower than the pump

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58

how many sodium and potassium are in the pump and what do they create

3 and 2 and they create a negative charge

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59

what kind of exchange is the ion pump

circular

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60

how does the axon get stimulated

resting potential gets broken down and built back up to make an action potential, depolarization = more positive, the threshold is activated when the gated ion channels open NA goes in until the charge is positive then K+ leaves

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61

what is spatial summation

2 of more neurons release transmitters onto same target, 10 people call you at once

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62

what is temporal summation

neuron makes multiple APs close togetehr, 1 person calls you 10x

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63

what is acetylcholine used for

memory and learning, how to brain talks to muscles

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64

what is muscarinic

a type of receptor that is associated with the fly agaric of muscaria

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65

what is muscarinic blocked by

atropine

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66

what is the precursor to catecholamines

tryosine

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67

whats the 1 type of indolamine

5HT

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68

what are the characteritsics of GABA

inhibitory NT, opens CL- channels, reduced likelihood of APs

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69

whats the characteristics of glycine and what is it blocked by

inhibitory NT, blocked by caffeine

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70

what is glutamate blocked by

ketamine, PCP, alcohol

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71

what are the 2 types of peptides

endorphin, enkephalins

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72

what receptors are peptides similar to

morphine

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73

which system does acetylcholine take palce in

somatic system of PNS because voluntary movement

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74

which NTs are found in the sympathetic nervous system

epinephrine/adrenaline

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75

what is the sympathetic nervous system stimulated by

coke and amphetamines

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76

whats the overdose process

drug receptors in medulla getting impacted

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77

what is the medulla depressed by

alcohol, barbs, opoids

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78

what does the medulla induce

vomiting

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79

what is the reticular activating system for and what inhibits it

spreads excitation to the cortex, GABA inhibits it

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80

what does the raphe system do

sleep, mood, serotonin

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81

where are over half of NE neurons found

in the locus coeruleus

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82

what is the basal ganglia used for

motor loops with cortex and thalamus

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83

what is the periaqueductal duct for

pain perception and amygdala

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84

where is the pleasure center

hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area

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85

where does lots of drug action happen

limbic system

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86

where is the DA system reinforcement system found

mesolimbic of limbic system

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87

what does the cortex run on

GABA and glutamate

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88

what is the frontal cortex for

stimuli, reinforcers, behavioural inhibition

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89

what is the orbitofrontal cortex for

stimulation/reward

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90

what is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for

attention

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91

what is the anterior cingulate responsible for

cravings

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92

what are the 4 mechanisms of tolerance

metabolic, dispositional, pharmacokinetic, physiological

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93

when do you have withdrawal

when you have a psychological dependence

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94

what is sensitization/reverse tolerance

the effect of a drug increases with repeated administrations

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95

where can cross sensitization happen

in the mesolimbic system

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96

what were barbs recommended for treatment of

anxiety and insomnia

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97

what was the initial use for barbs

preventing seizures

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98

what do all benzos lead to

anterograde amnesia

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99

what is the route of administration and absorption for sedatives

parenteral after digestive system, oral administration

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100

sedatives range in ____ and _____

lipid solubility and absorption

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